Amoy Testnet

Contract Diff Checker

Contract Name:
MarketFundingPool

Contract Source Code:

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { IERC20Metadata } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";
import { ERC165Checker } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/introspection/ERC165Checker.sol";
import { IERC165Upgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/introspection/IERC165Upgradeable.sol";

import { ParentFundingPool, IParentFundingPoolV1 } from "../funding/ParentFundingPool.sol";
import { ChildFundingPool, IChildFundingPoolV1 } from "../funding/ChildFundingPool.sol";
import { IConditionalTokensV1_2, ConditionalTokensErrors } from "../conditions/IConditionalTokensV1_2.sol";
import { IMarketFactory, IMarketFactoryV1_2, IMarketMakerV1, MarketAddressParams } from "./IMarketFactory.sol";
import { MarketErrors } from "./MarketErrors.sol";

interface MarketFundingPoolErrors {
    error InvalidLimitsArray();
    error NotAFactory(address);
    error FactoryNotApproved(address);
}

interface MarketFundingPoolEvents {
    event MarketFactoryApproval(address indexed factory, bool approved);
}

/// @dev This acts as a central Liquidity Pool for all created markets, and
/// ensures that the markets can be trusted by including the factory. Batch
/// market creation with approval is possible
contract MarketFundingPool is
    ParentFundingPool,
    MarketFundingPoolErrors,
    MarketFundingPoolEvents,
    MarketErrors,
    ConditionalTokensErrors
{
    using ERC165Checker for address;

    struct Params {
        IConditionalTokensV1_2 conditionalTokens;
        IERC20Metadata collateralToken;
        address admin;
        address executor;
    }

    IConditionalTokensV1_2 public immutable conditionalTokens;
    mapping(address => bool) private factoryApproval;
    bytes4 private constant MARKET_INTERFACE_ID = 0x19a298e7;
    bytes4 private constant FACTORY_INTERFACE_V1_ID = 0xaecc550a;
    bytes4 private constant FACTORY_INTERFACE_V1_2_ID = 0xb4b15167;

    /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
    constructor(Params memory params, address prevPool)
        ParentFundingPool(params.admin, params.executor, params.collateralToken, prevPool)
    {
        conditionalTokens = params.conditionalTokens;
    }

    /// @dev allow a factory to be used to create markets for the fund.
    function setFactoryApproval(address factory, bool approved) external onlyAdmin {
        // If approving, require not to be paused
        // If removing approval, can be paused
        if (approved) {
            _requireNotPaused();
        }

        bool supportsFactory = factory.supportsInterface(FACTORY_INTERFACE_V1_ID);
        if (!supportsFactory) revert NotAFactory(factory);
        if (factoryApproval[factory] != approved) {
            factoryApproval[factory] = approved;
            emit MarketFactoryApproval(factory, approved);
        }
    }

    /// @dev Create markets and approve them as child markets, so they can
    /// request funding directly from this pool. The function is idempotent, so
    /// if a market was already created, or approved, it will not fail and just
    /// succeed gracefully
    function createMarketsWithPrices(
        IMarketFactoryV1_2 factory,
        address conditionOracle,
        uint256 fee,
        uint256[] calldata marketLimits,
        IMarketFactoryV1_2.PackedPriceMarketParams[] calldata marketParamsArray
    ) public returns (IMarketMakerV1[] memory markets) {
        if (!factoryApproval[address(factory)]) revert FactoryNotApproved(address(factory));
        bool supportsFactoryV1_2 = address(factory).supportsInterface(FACTORY_INTERFACE_V1_2_ID);
        if (!supportsFactoryV1_2) revert NotAFactory(address(factory));
        if (marketLimits.length != marketParamsArray.length) revert InvalidLimitsArray();

        markets = new IMarketMakerV1[](marketParamsArray.length);

        MarketAddressParams memory addresses =
            MarketAddressParams(conditionalTokens, collateralToken, address(this), address(0x0), conditionOracle);

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < marketParamsArray.length; ++i) {
            IMarketMakerV1 market = factory.createMarket(fee, addresses, marketParamsArray[i]);
            bool supportsMarket = address(market).supportsInterface(MARKET_INTERFACE_ID);
            if (!supportsMarket) revert NotAFactory(address(factory));

            markets[i] = market;

            // Slither has a medium-level warning for re-entrancy here. The
            // issue is that we change a local state (child approval) after an
            // external call (to factory.createMarket) . In usual re-entrancy
            // problems, the state change is something like a balance change,
            // but in this case we are actually allowing operations only after
            // creation. Meaning, even if the factory or created market
            // re-enters another method, approval is false at that time, so
            // nothing nefarious is possible.
            // slither-disable-next-line reentrancy-no-eth
            setApprovalForChild(address(market), marketLimits[i]);
        }
    }

    /// @dev Same as other overload, but for old market factory interface
    function createMarketsWithPrices(
        IMarketFactory factory,
        address priceOracle,
        address conditionOracle,
        uint256 fee,
        uint256[] calldata marketLimits,
        IMarketFactory.PriceMarketParams[] calldata marketParamsArray
    ) external returns (IMarketMakerV1[] memory markets) {
        if (!factoryApproval[address(factory)]) revert FactoryNotApproved(address(factory));
        if (marketLimits.length != marketParamsArray.length) revert InvalidLimitsArray();

        markets = new IMarketMakerV1[](marketParamsArray.length);

        MarketAddressParams memory addresses =
            MarketAddressParams(conditionalTokens, collateralToken, address(this), priceOracle, conditionOracle);

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < marketParamsArray.length; ++i) {
            IMarketMakerV1 market = factory.createMarket(fee, addresses, marketParamsArray[i]);
            bool supportsMarket = address(market).supportsInterface(MARKET_INTERFACE_ID);
            if (!supportsMarket) revert NotAFactory(address(factory));

            markets[i] = market;

            // See comment explaining in other implementation
            // slither-disable-next-line reentrancy-no-eth
            setApprovalForChild(address(market), marketLimits[i]);
        }
    }

    function getFactoryApproval(address factory) public view returns (bool) {
        return factoryApproval[factory];
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC20 standard.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
interface IERC20Metadata is IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token.
     */
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.2) (utils/introspection/ERC165Checker.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IERC165.sol";

/**
 * @dev Library used to query support of an interface declared via {IERC165}.
 *
 * Note that these functions return the actual result of the query: they do not
 * `revert` if an interface is not supported. It is up to the caller to decide
 * what to do in these cases.
 */
library ERC165Checker {
    // As per the EIP-165 spec, no interface should ever match 0xffffffff
    bytes4 private constant _INTERFACE_ID_INVALID = 0xffffffff;

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` supports the {IERC165} interface.
     */
    function supportsERC165(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // Any contract that implements ERC165 must explicitly indicate support of
        // InterfaceId_ERC165 and explicitly indicate non-support of InterfaceId_Invalid
        return
            supportsERC165InterfaceUnchecked(account, type(IERC165).interfaceId) &&
            !supportsERC165InterfaceUnchecked(account, _INTERFACE_ID_INVALID);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` supports the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. Support for {IERC165} itself is queried automatically.
     *
     * See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(address account, bytes4 interfaceId) internal view returns (bool) {
        // query support of both ERC165 as per the spec and support of _interfaceId
        return supportsERC165(account) && supportsERC165InterfaceUnchecked(account, interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns a boolean array where each value corresponds to the
     * interfaces passed in and whether they're supported or not. This allows
     * you to batch check interfaces for a contract where your expectation
     * is that some interfaces may not be supported.
     *
     * See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function getSupportedInterfaces(address account, bytes4[] memory interfaceIds)
        internal
        view
        returns (bool[] memory)
    {
        // an array of booleans corresponding to interfaceIds and whether they're supported or not
        bool[] memory interfaceIdsSupported = new bool[](interfaceIds.length);

        // query support of ERC165 itself
        if (supportsERC165(account)) {
            // query support of each interface in interfaceIds
            for (uint256 i = 0; i < interfaceIds.length; i++) {
                interfaceIdsSupported[i] = supportsERC165InterfaceUnchecked(account, interfaceIds[i]);
            }
        }

        return interfaceIdsSupported;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` supports all the interfaces defined in
     * `interfaceIds`. Support for {IERC165} itself is queried automatically.
     *
     * Batch-querying can lead to gas savings by skipping repeated checks for
     * {IERC165} support.
     *
     * See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsAllInterfaces(address account, bytes4[] memory interfaceIds) internal view returns (bool) {
        // query support of ERC165 itself
        if (!supportsERC165(account)) {
            return false;
        }

        // query support of each interface in interfaceIds
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < interfaceIds.length; i++) {
            if (!supportsERC165InterfaceUnchecked(account, interfaceIds[i])) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        // all interfaces supported
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Query if a contract implements an interface, does not check ERC165 support
     * @param account The address of the contract to query for support of an interface
     * @param interfaceId The interface identifier, as specified in ERC-165
     * @return true if the contract at account indicates support of the interface with
     * identifier interfaceId, false otherwise
     * @dev Assumes that account contains a contract that supports ERC165, otherwise
     * the behavior of this method is undefined. This precondition can be checked
     * with {supportsERC165}.
     *
     * Some precompiled contracts will falsely indicate support for a given interface, so caution
     * should be exercised when using this function.
     *
     * Interface identification is specified in ERC-165.
     */
    function supportsERC165InterfaceUnchecked(address account, bytes4 interfaceId) internal view returns (bool) {
        // prepare call
        bytes memory encodedParams = abi.encodeWithSelector(IERC165.supportsInterface.selector, interfaceId);

        // perform static call
        bool success;
        uint256 returnSize;
        uint256 returnValue;
        assembly {
            success := staticcall(30000, account, add(encodedParams, 0x20), mload(encodedParams), 0x00, 0x20)
            returnSize := returndatasize()
            returnValue := mload(0x00)
        }

        return success && returnSize >= 0x20 && returnValue > 0;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/introspection/IERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC165 standard, as defined in the
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165[EIP].
 *
 * Implementers can declare support of contract interfaces, which can then be
 * queried by others ({ERC165Checker}).
 *
 * For an implementation, see {ERC165}.
 */
interface IERC165Upgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified[EIP section]
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30 000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { IERC20Metadata } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";
import { IERC165Upgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/introspection/IERC165Upgradeable.sol";
import { ContextUpgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import { ERC165Checker } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/introspection/ERC165Checker.sol";
import { AccessControlUpgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/access/AccessControlUpgradeable.sol";
import { SafeERC20 } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import { SafeERC20Upgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import { Math } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";

import { FundingPool, IFundingPoolV1_1, IFundingPoolV1, FundingMath } from "./FundingPool.sol";
import { IParentFundingPoolV1 } from "./IParentFundingPoolV1.sol";
import { ChildFundingPool, IChildFundingPoolV1 } from "./ChildFundingPool.sol";
import { ClampedMath } from "../Math.sol";
import { AdminExecutorAccessUpgradeable } from "../AdminExecutorAccess.sol";

interface MigrateFundsEvents {
    event MigratedFunds(address indexed receiver, uint256 collateralMigrated, uint256 costBasis, uint256 sharesGranted);
}

/// @dev Interface for migrating funds from current Parent pool to another
interface IMigrateFundsSender is MigrateFundsEvents {
    error DoesNotSupportMigrateFundsInterface(address);
    error DoesNotSupportParentPoolInterface(address);

    function migrateFundsTo(address newPool)
        external
        returns (uint256 collateralMigrated, uint256 costBasis, uint256 sharesGranted);
}

/// @dev Interface for migrating funds from another Parent pool to this one.
interface IMigrateFundsReceiver {
    error NoPrevPoolConfigured();
    error SenderIsNotPrevPool(address);

    /// @dev Call to initiate migration through requestFunding. Must be called
    /// by the pool from which the funds are being migrated
    /// @return collateralMigrated quantity of collateral that was able to be migrated
    /// @return costBasis the recorded costBasis of the migrated collateral
    /// @return sharesGranted number of liquidity shares given for the migrated funds
    function migrateFundsFromSender()
        external
        returns (uint256 collateralMigrated, uint256 costBasis, uint256 sharesGranted);
}

interface IManagementFee {
    event ManagementFeeSet(uint64 feeEvaluationBlockPeriod, uint8 feePortion);
}

contract ParentFundingPool is
    FundingPool,
    IParentFundingPoolV1,
    AdminExecutorAccessUpgradeable,
    ChildFundingPool,
    IMigrateFundsReceiver,
    IMigrateFundsSender,
    IManagementFee
{
    using ERC165Checker for address;
    using ClampedMath for uint256;
    using Math for uint256;
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20Metadata;
    using SafeERC20Upgradeable for IFundingPoolV1;

    struct FunderShareRemovals {
        uint256 removedAsCollateral;
        uint256 removedAsChildShares;
    }

    /// @dev Current state of investement in a child pool
    struct ChildValue {
        /// @dev How much collateral is locked up in a child pool
        uint256 locked;
        /// @dev realized losses or gains by child when returning funds
        int256 pnl;
    }

    /// @dev a struct to keep track of the current state of pool during liquidity removal
    struct RemovalContext {
        uint256 currentFunderShares;
        uint256 totalShares;
        uint256 poolValue;
        uint256 totalChildValueLocked;
        uint256 valueHighPoint;
        FunderShareRemovals removals;
    }

    /// @dev What is the maximum any child fund can request. Managed by DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE
    uint256 public requestLimit;

    /// @dev What is the maximum a particular child fund can request to be funded. Managed by FUND_MANAGER_ROLE
    mapping(address => uint256) private childApproval;

    // Interface ids for interoperability with already deployed contracts
    bytes4 private constant FUNDING_POOL_INTERFACE_ID = 0x0dc4a76a;
    bytes4 private constant FUNDING_POOL_V1_1_INTERFACE_ID = 0x5ee02cbf;
    bytes4 private constant CHILD_POOL_INTERFACE_ID = 0xd2da4040;
    bytes4 private constant MIGRATE_FUNDS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE_ID = 0x49bcbcc0;

    /// @dev How much collateral is used up in a child pool
    mapping(address => ChildValue) private childValue;
    /// @dev current value locked in all child pools
    uint256 public totalChildValueLocked;

    /// @dev Keeps track of how many shares were directly exchanged for
    /// "unlocked"/"locked" collateral in the pool. Used to prevent funders
    /// withdrawing all their shares only in collateral, leaving other funders
    /// stuck with only locked liquidity.
    mapping(address => FunderShareRemovals) private funderShareRemovals;
    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private funderShareRemovalsForChild;

    /// @dev What was the last high point for the overall value of the pool,
    /// beyond which the pool executor can take a fee on the gains.
    uint256 public valueHighPoint;
    /// @dev When was the last fee on gains evaluation performed, as a block number
    uint64 public lastFeeEvaluationBlock;
    /// @dev How often to re-evaluate fees
    uint64 public feeEvaluationBlockPeriod;
    /// @dev Portion out of 256 to take on the gains
    uint8 public feePortion;

    /// @dev Create a ParentFundingPool, and potentially set up a migration from previous pool
    /// @param admin address with admin priveleges
    /// @param executor address with executor priveleges
    /// @param _collateralToken The collateral token to use for investing in the pool
    /// @param prevPool optional address of previous ParentFundingPool, from which funds should be migrated
    /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
    constructor(address admin, address executor, IERC20Metadata _collateralToken, address prevPool) {
        // The contract is not meant to be upgradeable or run behind a proxy,
        // but uses upgradeable base contracts because it shares some base
        // classes with other contracts that need to be behind a proxy
        initialize(admin, executor, _collateralToken, prevPool);
        _disableInitializers();

        // By default don't evaluate management fees on gains
        feeEvaluationBlockPeriod = type(uint64).max;
        _reevaluateGainsOnPool(false);
    }

    /// @inheritdoc IFundingPoolV1
    function addFunding(uint256 collateralAdded) external returns (uint256 sharesMinted) {
        return addFundingFor(_msgSender(), collateralAdded);
    }

    /// @inheritdoc IParentFundingPoolV1
    function requestFunding(uint256 collateralRequested)
        external
        whenNotPaused
        returns (uint256 collateralAdded, uint256 sharesMinted)
    {
        IFundingPoolV1 childPool = _childPoolSender();

        // how much is remaining to be requested from the limit and collateral
        (uint256 limitRemaining,) = getAvailableFunding(address(childPool));

        // clamp collateralRequested to the limit
        collateralAdded = Math.min(limitRemaining, collateralRequested);

        if (collateralAdded > 0) {
            childValue[address(childPool)].locked += collateralAdded;
            totalChildValueLocked += collateralAdded;
            collateralToken.safeApprove(address(childPool), collateralAdded);
            sharesMinted = childPool.addFunding(collateralAdded);

            emit FundingGiven(address(childPool), collateralAdded);

            // NOTE: currently childPool cannot be completely trustless, as
            // childPool itself is the ERC20 fund share token, which means it
            // can burn shares without the knowledge of the parent, in effect
            // keeping all the funds. This is at least mitigated by the fact
            // that a child pool cannot exceed its limit.
        }
    }

    /// @notice Set the maximum any child fund can request.
    function setRequestLimit(uint256 limit) public onlyAdmin {
        requestLimit = limit;
        emit RequestLimitChanged(limit);
    }

    /// @dev Set management fee parameters
    /// @param blockPeriod how often the fee is evaluated in blocks
    /// @param feePortion_ the management fee on gains expressed as proportion out of 256
    function setFeeParameters(uint64 blockPeriod, uint8 feePortion_) external onlyAdmin {
        feeEvaluationBlockPeriod = blockPeriod;
        feePortion = feePortion_;

        emit ManagementFeeSet(blockPeriod, feePortion_);
    }

    /// @dev This entirely depends on trusting the child pool to report
    /// fundingReturned correctly. This is accomplished here because this single pool
    /// controls exactly what code the child pool (markets) are running. In a
    /// future implementation it would be better to express pool ownership
    /// through ERC1155 tokens, and utilize the ERC1155Receiver functionality to
    /// automatically be called back when shares are returned.
    function fundingReturned(uint256 collateralReturned, uint256 childSharesBurnt) external {
        IFundingPoolV1 childPool = _childPoolSender();
        uint256 childSharesBefore = childPool.balanceOf(address(this)) + childSharesBurnt;

        ChildValue storage child = childValue[address(childPool)];
        uint256 valueLocked = child.locked;
        uint256 valueUnlocked = childSharesBefore > 0 ? (childSharesBurnt * valueLocked) / childSharesBefore : 0;

        if (collateralReturned > uint256(type(int256).max)) revert ExcessiveFunding();
        assert(valueUnlocked <= uint256(type(int256).max));
        child.locked = valueLocked - valueUnlocked;
        child.pnl += int256(collateralReturned) - int256(valueUnlocked);
        totalChildValueLocked -= valueUnlocked;

        emit FundingReturned(address(childPool), collateralReturned, valueUnlocked);

        _reevaluateGainsOnPool(false);
    }

    function feesReturned(uint256 fees) external {
        IFundingPoolV1 childPool = _childPoolSender();
        // Fees just end up being part of the overall collateral value
        ChildValue storage child = childValue[address(childPool)];
        child.pnl += int256(fees);
        emit FundingReturned(address(childPool), fees, 0);
    }

    /// @dev Remove liquidity in collateral by burning a portion of the funder's shares.
    /// The proportion of shares that can be removed this way cannot exceed the
    /// proportion of collateral in the parent pool. To maximize the amount of
    /// collateral removed, do collateral removal first before trying to remove
    /// liquidity as child shares.
    /// @param sharesToBurn How many funder shares to burn
    /// @return collateralReturned How much collateral was returned
    /// @return sharesBurnt How much many shares were burnt
    function removeCollateral(uint256 sharesToBurn)
        external
        whenNotPaused
        returns (uint256 collateralReturned, uint256 sharesBurnt)
    {
        address funder = _msgSender();
        // force re-evaluation because some value is exiting
        _reevaluateGainsOnPool(true);

        uint256 valueHighPointReturned;
        (collateralReturned, sharesBurnt, valueHighPointReturned) = _calcRemoveCollateral(funder, sharesToBurn);
        if (sharesBurnt == 0) return (collateralReturned, sharesBurnt);

        valueHighPoint -= valueHighPointReturned;
        funderShareRemovals[funder].removedAsCollateral += sharesBurnt;
        _burnSharesOf(funder, sharesBurnt);
        collateralToken.safeTransfer(funder, collateralReturned);

        uint256[] memory noTokens = new uint256[](0);
        emit FundingRemoved(funder, collateralReturned, noTokens, sharesBurnt);
    }

    /// @dev Remove liquidity in assets by burning a portion of the funder's shares.
    /// The proportion of a funder's shares that can be removed in terms of a
    /// particular child pool's shares cannot exceed the proportion of liquidity
    /// in that child pool among all child pools
    /// @param child address of child pool
    /// @param sharesToBurn How many funder shares to burn
    function removeChildShares(address child, uint256 sharesToBurn)
        public
        whenNotPaused
        returns (uint256 childSharesReturned, uint256 sharesBurnt)
    {
        IFundingPoolV1 childPool = _childPool(child);
        address funder = _msgSender();
        // force re-evaluation because some value is exiting
        _reevaluateGainsOnPool(true);

        mapping(address => uint256) storage removalsForChild = funderShareRemovalsForChild[funder];
        RemovalContext memory context = _getRemovalContext(funder);

        (childSharesReturned, sharesBurnt) = _removeChildShares(childPool, context, sharesToBurn, removalsForChild);

        // Update state
        if (sharesBurnt > 0) {
            _burnSharesOf(funder, sharesBurnt);
        }
        funderShareRemovals[funder] = context.removals;
        totalChildValueLocked = context.totalChildValueLocked;
        valueHighPoint = context.valueHighPoint;

        if (childSharesReturned > 0) {
            assert(sharesBurnt > 0);

            // Transfer
            childPool.safeTransfer(funder, childSharesReturned);
            emit FundingRemovedAsToken(funder, uint256(bytes32(bytes20(child))), childSharesReturned, sharesBurnt);
        }
        // with fractional shares it's possible to have leftover shares that are
        // not worth 1 wei of collateral. It is up to the user to avoid
        // needlessly burning shares
    }

    function batchRemoveChildShares(address[] calldata children, uint256[] calldata sharesToBurn)
        external
        whenNotPaused
        returns (uint256 totalSharesBurnt)
    {
        if (children.length != sharesToBurn.length) revert InvalidBatchLength();

        // No gas optimizations done here because it would open up the code to
        // re-entrancy attacks
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < children.length; ++i) {
            (, uint256 sharesBurnt) = removeChildShares(children[i], sharesToBurn[i]);
            totalSharesBurnt += sharesBurnt;
        }
    }

    /// @dev Withdraw collectedFees in the form of management fees on gains to another address
    function withdrawManagementFeesTo(address beneficiary) external onlyAdmin returns (uint256 feesTransferred) {
        feesTransferred = collectedFees;
        _unlockFees(feesTransferred);
        collateralToken.safeTransfer(beneficiary, feesTransferred);
        emit FeesWithdrawn(beneficiary, feesTransferred);
    }

    function migrateFundsTo(address newPool)
        external
        onlyAdmin
        returns (uint256 collateralMigrated, uint256 costBasis, uint256 sharesGranted)
    {
        if (!newPool.supportsInterface(PARENT_FUNDING_POOL_INTERFACE_ID)) {
            revert DoesNotSupportParentPoolInterface(newPool);
        }
        if (!newPool.supportsInterface(MIGRATE_FUNDS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE_ID)) {
            revert DoesNotSupportMigrateFundsInterface(newPool);
        }

        _reevaluateGainsOnPool(true);

        // Total funder cost basis is the target balance of the pool without any PNL
        uint256 globalTarget = getTotalFunderCostBasis();

        // child approval is usually done by the fund executor. We need to override it for this operation
        grantRole(EXECUTOR_ROLE, msg.sender);
        setApprovalForChild(newPool, globalTarget);
        revokeRole(EXECUTOR_ROLE, msg.sender);

        // Expand request limit to be able to cover the full migration. Will be restored later
        uint256 prevRequestLimit = requestLimit;
        setRequestLimit(globalTarget);

        IMigrateFundsReceiver newParentPool = IMigrateFundsReceiver(newPool);
        // No re-entrancy threat here, since `newPool` is passed in by admin, so should be trusted.
        // slither-disable-next-line reentrancy-no-eth
        (collateralMigrated, costBasis, sharesGranted) = newParentPool.migrateFundsFromSender();

        // Restore previous request limit
        setRequestLimit(prevRequestLimit);

        emit MigratedFunds(newPool, collateralMigrated, costBasis, sharesGranted);
    }

    /// @inheritdoc	IMigrateFundsReceiver
    function migrateFundsFromSender()
        external
        returns (uint256 collateralMigrated, uint256 costBasis, uint256 sharesGranted)
    {
        address senderPool = getParentPool();
        if (senderPool == address(0x0)) revert NoPrevPoolConfigured();
        if (msg.sender != senderPool) revert SenderIsNotPrevPool(msg.sender);

        bool supportsFundingPool = senderPool.supportsInterface(FUNDING_POOL_V1_1_INTERFACE_ID);
        if (!supportsFundingPool) revert NotAParentPool(senderPool);
        // The external calls below are trusted because the `senderPool` should
        // be the same as the parent pool passed in the constructor of this
        // contract, meaning the whole contract is trusted.
        // slither-disable-next-line reentrancy-no-eth reentrancy-benign
        uint256 senderCostBasis = IFundingPoolV1_1(senderPool).getTotalFunderCostBasis();
        // slither-disable-next-line reentrancy-no-eth
        uint256 senderReserves = IFundingPoolV1_1(senderPool).reserves();
        // slither-disable-next-line reentrancy-no-eth reentrancy-benign
        uint256 senderTotalValue = IFundingPoolV1_1(senderPool).getPoolValue();

        // Don't proceed if there is no collateral available to be migrated
        if (senderReserves == 0) {
            return (0, 0, 0);
        }

        uint256 costBasisOfSenderBeforeMigration = getFunderCostBasis(senderPool);

        // senderPool is guaranteed to support parent pool interface, because it
        // was assigned in constructor to ChildFundingPool, which checks the
        // interface support
        assert(senderPool.supportsInterface(PARENT_FUNDING_POOL_INTERFACE_ID));
        IParentFundingPoolV1 senderParentPool = IParentFundingPoolV1(senderPool);
        // Migrate only the collateral that is immediately available, avoiding any locked liquidity.
        // The migration can be repeated to migrate everything eventually
        // slither-disable-next-line reentrancy-benign
        (collateralMigrated, sharesGranted) = senderParentPool.requestFunding(senderReserves);

        // Now adjust the cost basis, to match the sender pool. This means
        // that any unrealized losses will be carried over to this pool
        {
            assert(collateralMigrated == (getFunderCostBasis(senderPool) - costBasisOfSenderBeforeMigration));
            // Don't carry over unrealized gains, as those will be kept by the original pool
            senderCostBasis = Math.max(senderCostBasis, senderTotalValue);
            costBasis = (collateralMigrated * senderCostBasis) / senderTotalValue;
            assert(costBasis >= collateralMigrated);
            uint256 adjustment = costBasis - collateralMigrated;
            _adjustCostBasis(senderPool, adjustment);
        }
    }

    /// @param sharesToBurn How many funder shares to burn
    /// @return collateralReturned How much collateral was returned
    /// @return sharesBurnt How much many shares were burnt
    function calcRemoveCollateral(address funder, uint256 sharesToBurn)
        public
        view
        returns (uint256 collateralReturned, uint256 sharesBurnt)
    {
        (collateralReturned, sharesBurnt,) = _calcRemoveCollateral(funder, sharesToBurn);
    }

    function _calcRemoveCollateral(address funder, uint256 sharesToBurn)
        private
        view
        returns (uint256 collateralReturned, uint256 sharesBurnt, uint256 valueHighPointReturned)
    {
        uint256 _reserves = reserves();
        uint256 poolValue = getPoolValue();
        if (poolValue == 0) revert PoolValueZero();

        FunderShareRemovals memory removals = funderShareRemovals[funder];

        uint256 funderTotalShares = balanceOf(funder) + removals.removedAsCollateral;
        sharesBurnt = FundingMath.calcMaxParentSharesToBurnForAsset(
            funderTotalShares, sharesToBurn, removals.removedAsCollateral, _reserves, poolValue
        );
        if (sharesBurnt == 0) return (collateralReturned, sharesBurnt, valueHighPointReturned);

        uint256 _totalSupply = totalSupply();
        uint256 _valueHighPoint = valueHighPoint;
        collateralReturned = FundingMath.calcReturnAmount(sharesBurnt, _totalSupply, poolValue);
        valueHighPointReturned = FundingMath.calcReturnAmount(sharesBurnt, _totalSupply, _valueHighPoint);
        assert(collateralReturned <= _reserves);
        assert(valueHighPointReturned <= _valueHighPoint);
    }

    /// @inheritdoc IParentFundingPoolV1
    function setApprovalForChild(address childPool, uint256 approval) public onlyExecutor {
        // If approving, require not to be paused
        // If removing approval, can be paused
        if (approval > 0) {
            _requireNotPaused();
        }

        // reduce gas cost if approval matches the previous value
        if (childApproval[childPool] == approval) return;

        bool supportsFundingPool = childPool.supportsInterface(FUNDING_POOL_INTERFACE_ID);
        if (!supportsFundingPool) revert NotAChildPool(childPool);

        bool supportsChildPool = childPool.supportsInterface(CHILD_POOL_INTERFACE_ID);
        if (!(supportsChildPool && IChildFundingPoolV1(childPool).getParentPool() == address(this))) {
            revert NotAChildPool(childPool);
        }

        childApproval[childPool] = approval;

        emit ChildPoolApproval(childPool, approval);
    }

    /// @inheritdoc IFundingPoolV1
    function addFundingFor(address receiver, uint256 collateralAdded)
        public
        whenNotPaused
        returns (uint256 sharesMinted)
    {
        _reevaluateGainsOnPool(false);
        valueHighPoint += collateralAdded;

        uint256 poolValue = getPoolValue();
        sharesMinted = _mintSharesFor(receiver, collateralAdded, poolValue);
    }

    /// @inheritdoc IParentFundingPoolV1
    function getAvailableFunding(address childPool)
        public
        view
        returns (uint256 availableFunding, uint256 availableTarget)
    {
        uint256 globalTarget = getTotalFunderCostBasis();

        availableTarget = Math.min(requestLimit, childApproval[childPool]);
        availableTarget = Math.min(globalTarget, availableTarget);
        availableFunding = availableTarget;

        // Do not adjust funding based on gains/losses

        // remaining target after taking into account how much was already spent
        ChildValue memory child = childValue[childPool];
        availableTarget = availableTarget.subClamp(child.locked);
        availableFunding = availableFunding.subClamp(child.locked);

        // It is important not to limit availableTarget to reserves. The target
        // is used to signal the ideal balance for a child pool, regardless of
        // gains or losses. It serves as a stable baseline for the child pool to
        // assess its performance. This is important to keep accurate because
        // collateral is requested and returned constantly between the child and
        // the parent as needed. If available funding is less than target, that
        // means the child pool has lost some value and must increase slippage
        // to regain value back.
        // If target is reduced to keep pace with reserves, when a child loses
        // money, it's available funding and target will stay in sync, giving
        // the illusion that it is doing fine (target and available funding are
        // the same). It will continue losing money as the reserves shrink. Thus
        // available funding is relative to reserves, while available target is
        // relative to cost basis - the original collateral deposited.

        // Available funding takes into account how much was lost or gained by the child
        availableFunding = Math.min(reserves(), availableFunding.addClamp(child.pnl));
    }

    function getApprovalForChild(address childPool) public view returns (uint256) {
        return childApproval[childPool];
    }

    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId)
        public
        view
        virtual
        override(IERC165Upgradeable, AccessControlUpgradeable)
        returns (bool)
    {
        return interfaceId == type(IParentFundingPoolV1).interfaceId || interfaceId == type(IFundingPoolV1).interfaceId
            || interfaceId == type(IFundingPoolV1_1).interfaceId || interfaceId == type(IChildFundingPoolV1).interfaceId
            || interfaceId == type(IMigrateFundsSender).interfaceId
            || interfaceId == type(IMigrateFundsReceiver).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    function _msgSender() internal view override(ContextUpgradeable) returns (address) {
        return ContextUpgradeable._msgSender();
    }

    // Have to override, otherwise does not compile
    // slither-disable-next-line dead-code
    function _msgData() internal view override(ContextUpgradeable) returns (bytes calldata) {
        return ContextUpgradeable._msgData();
    }

    function _checkChildPool(address childPool) internal view {
        if (getApprovalForChild(childPool) == 0) revert ChildPoolNotApproved(childPool);
    }

    function _childPoolSender() internal view returns (IFundingPoolV1) {
        return _childPool(_msgSender());
    }

    function _childPool(address childPool) internal view returns (IFundingPoolV1) {
        _checkChildPool(childPool);
        // Don't need to check if childPool supports the right interfaces - that
        // was already done when it was approved

        return IFundingPoolV1(childPool);
    }

    function _removeChildShares(
        IFundingPoolV1 childPool,
        RemovalContext memory context,
        uint256 sharesToBurn,
        mapping(address => uint256) storage removalsForChild
    ) private returns (uint256 childSharesReturned, uint256 sharesBurnt) {
        if (sharesToBurn > context.currentFunderShares) revert InvalidBurnAmount();
        uint256 childLocked = childValue[address(childPool)].locked;
        // slither-disable-next-line dangerous-strict-equalities
        if (childLocked == 0) return (childSharesReturned, sharesBurnt);

        // To explain the below two max values, let's set up a scenario
        // Setup:
        // - total 100 liquidity shares for parent pool
        // - 25% of value is locked in child A, 25% of value is locked in child B

        // Calculate how many parent shares can be removed from the pool in the form of child pool shares.
        // Regardless of the funder, in the above scenario, only 25 liquidity
        // shares of the parent are convertible to child shares of A or B. This is just 25% of the total pool
        uint256 maxTotalSharesRedeemableForChild = (context.totalShares * childLocked).ceilDiv(context.poolValue);

        // Limit number of funder shares redeemable to proportion of child value
        // of overall locked value.  In the above scenario, if a funder had 20
        // shares in the parent pool, they cannot convert all 20 shares for a
        // single child's shares. Since each child's portion of locked value is
        // 50%, at most 10 parent shares of the funder can be converted into
        // each of the child's shares. This is to limit removals where one
        // child's liquidity value is more advantageous to remove than another.
        sharesBurnt = FundingMath.calcMaxParentSharesToBurnForAsset(
            context.currentFunderShares + context.removals.removedAsChildShares,
            Math.min(sharesToBurn, maxTotalSharesRedeemableForChild),
            removalsForChild[address(childPool)],
            childLocked,
            context.totalChildValueLocked // instead of pool value
        );
        if (sharesBurnt == 0) return (childSharesReturned, sharesBurnt);

        uint256 valueReturned = FundingMath.calcReturnAmount(sharesBurnt, context.totalShares, context.poolValue);
        valueReturned = Math.min(valueReturned, childLocked);
        uint256 valueHighPointReturned =
            FundingMath.calcReturnAmount(valueReturned, context.poolValue, context.valueHighPoint);

        context.removals.removedAsChildShares += sharesBurnt;
        removalsForChild[address(childPool)] += sharesBurnt;

        uint256 childShares = childPool.balanceOf(address(this));
        childSharesReturned = (childShares * valueReturned) / childLocked;

        context.currentFunderShares -= sharesBurnt;
        context.totalShares -= sharesBurnt;
        context.poolValue -= valueReturned;
        context.totalChildValueLocked -= valueReturned;
        context.valueHighPoint -= valueHighPointReturned;
        childValue[address(childPool)].locked = childLocked - valueReturned;
    }

    function _getRemovalContext(address funder) private view returns (RemovalContext memory) {
        uint256 funderShares = balanceOf(funder);
        uint256 poolValue = getPoolValue();

        // If there is no value in the pool, it doesn't make sense to remove value from it.
        if (poolValue == 0) revert PoolValueZero();

        FunderShareRemovals memory removals = funderShareRemovals[funder];
        return RemovalContext(funderShares, totalSupply(), poolValue, totalChildValueLocked, valueHighPoint, removals);
    }

    function _reevaluateGainsOnPool(bool force) private returns (uint256 fees) {
        uint256 lastBlock = lastFeeEvaluationBlock;
        uint256 period = feeEvaluationBlockPeriod;
        if (!force && (block.number - lastBlock < period)) return fees;

        lastFeeEvaluationBlock = uint64(block.number);
        uint256 poolValue = getPoolValue();
        if (poolValue <= valueHighPoint) return fees;

        // Use ceilDiv to calculate fees, so fees are not lost due to truncation
        uint256 gains = poolValue - valueHighPoint;
        fees = (gains * feePortion).ceilDiv(256);

        // If fees exceed reserves, we can re-evaluate next time, keeping same high point
        // If we are forcing re-evaluation, _retainFees will revert. This is to
        // prevent value exiting the pool while we don't have enough collateral
        // to cover fees
        if (!force && reserves() < fees) {
            return 0;
        }
        _retainFees(fees);
        valueHighPoint = poolValue - fees;
    }

    function getPoolValue() public view returns (uint256 poolValue) {
        poolValue = reserves() + totalChildValueLocked;
    }

    function initialize(address admin, address executor, IERC20Metadata _collateralToken, address prevPool)
        private
        initializer
    {
        __AdminExecutor_init(admin, executor);
        __FundingPool_init(_collateralToken);
        __ChildFundingPool_init(prevPool);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { IChildFundingPoolV1 } from "./IChildFundingPoolV1.sol";
import { IParentFundingPoolV1 } from "./IParentFundingPoolV1.sol";
import { ERC165Checker } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/introspection/ERC165Checker.sol";
import { Initializable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/// @dev A Mixin contract that provides a basic implementation of the IChildFundingPoolV1 interface
abstract contract ChildFundingPool is Initializable, IChildFundingPoolV1 {
    using ERC165Checker for address;

    address private _parent;
    bytes4 internal constant PARENT_FUNDING_POOL_INTERFACE_ID = 0xd0632e9a;

    function getParentPool() public view returns (address) {
        return _parent;
    }

    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function __ChildFundingPool_init(address parentPool) internal onlyInitializing {
        __ChildFundingPool_init_unchained(parentPool);
    }

    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function __ChildFundingPool_init_unchained(address parentPool) internal onlyInitializing {
        assert(address(_parent) == address(0x0));
        if (parentPool != address(0x0) && !parentPool.supportsInterface(PARENT_FUNDING_POOL_INTERFACE_ID)) {
            revert NotAParentPool(parentPool);
        }

        _parent = parentPool;

        emit ParentPoolAdded(parentPool);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { IConditionalTokensEvents, IConditionalTokens, IERC20, ConditionalTokensErrors } from "./IConditionalTokens.sol";
import { PackedPrices } from "../PackedPrices.sol";
import { ConditionID, QuestionID, CTHelpers } from "./CTHelpers.sol";

interface IConditionalTokensEventsV1_2 is IConditionalTokensEvents {
    /// @dev Event emitted only when a condition is prepared to save on gas costs
    /// @param conditionId which condition had its price set
    /// @param packedPrices the encoded prices in a byte array
    event ConditionPricesUpdated(ConditionID indexed conditionId, bytes packedPrices);

    /// @dev Halt time for a condition has been updated
    event HaltTimeUpdated(ConditionID indexed conditionId, uint32 haltTime);
}

interface IConditionalTokensV1_2 is IConditionalTokens, IConditionalTokensEventsV1_2 {
    struct PriceUpdate {
        ConditionID conditionId;
        bytes packedPrices;
    }

    struct HaltUpdate {
        ConditionID conditionId;
        /// @dev haltTime as seconds since epoch, same as block.timestamp
        /// unsigned 32bit epoch timestamp in seconds should be suitable until year 2106
        uint32 haltTime;
    }

    function prepareConditionByOracle(
        QuestionID questionId,
        uint256 outcomeSlotCount,
        bytes calldata packedPrices,
        uint32 haltTime_
    ) external returns (ConditionID);

    function updateFairPrices(ConditionID conditionId, bytes calldata packedPrices) external;
    function batchUpdateFairPrices(PriceUpdate[] calldata priceUpdates) external;

    function getFairPrices(ConditionID conditionId) external view returns (uint256[] memory fairPriceDecimals);

    function updateHaltTime(ConditionID conditionId, uint32 haltTime) external;
    function batchUpdateHaltTimes(HaltUpdate[] calldata haltUpdates) external;

    /// @dev Returns the halt time of a condition. Will be 0 if no price oracle
    /// is configured (if old prepareCondition was called).
    function haltTime(ConditionID conditionId) external view returns (uint32);

    /// @dev Returns if the condition is halted or already resolved. Halting
    /// only effects price updates. If no price oracle was configured for a
    /// condition, this will always return true. This is ok since it does not
    /// affect any other aspect.
    function isHalted(ConditionID conditionId) external view returns (bool);

    /// @dev combines together balanceOfCondition and getFairPrices into one call to minimize gas usage
    function getPositionInfo(address account, IERC20 collateralToken, ConditionID conditionId)
        external
        view
        returns (uint256[] memory balances, uint256[] memory fairPriceDecimals);

    /// @dev Get the current payouts for a condition.
    function getPayouts(ConditionID conditionId)
        external
        view
        returns (uint256[] memory numerators, uint256 denominator);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { IERC20 } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import { IERC165 } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/introspection/IERC165.sol";

import { IMarketMakerV1 } from "./IMarketMaker.sol";
import { MarketAddressParams } from "./MarketAddressParams.sol";
import { IConditionalTokens, ConditionID, QuestionID } from "../conditions/IConditionalTokens.sol";

/// @title Events for a market factory
/// @dev Use these events for blockchain indexing
interface IMarketFactoryEvents {
    event MarketMakerCreation(
        address indexed creator,
        IMarketMakerV1 marketMaker,
        IConditionalTokens indexed conditionalTokens,
        IERC20 indexed collateralToken,
        ConditionID conditionId,
        uint256 haltTime,
        uint256 fee
    );
}

interface IMarketFactory is IMarketFactoryEvents, IERC165 {
    /// @dev Parameters unique to a single Market creation
    struct PriceMarketParams {
        QuestionID questionId;
        uint256[] fairPriceDecimals;
        uint128 minPriceDecimal;
        uint256 haltTime;
    }

    function createMarket(uint256 fee, MarketAddressParams calldata addresses, PriceMarketParams memory params)
        external
        returns (IMarketMakerV1);
}

interface IMarketFactoryV1_2 is IMarketFactory {
    /// @dev Parameters unique to a single Market creation, with packed prices
    struct PackedPriceMarketParams {
        QuestionID questionId;
        bytes packedPrices;
        uint32 haltTime;
    }

    function createMarket(uint256 fee, MarketAddressParams calldata addresses, PackedPriceMarketParams memory params)
        external
        returns (IMarketMakerV1);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { AmmErrors } from "./AmmErrors.sol";
import { FundingErrors } from "../funding/FundingErrors.sol";

interface MarketErrors is AmmErrors, FundingErrors {
    error MarketHalted();
    error MarketUndecided();

    // Buy
    error InvalidInvestmentAmount();
    error MinimumBuyAmountNotReached();
    error FeesConsumeInvestment();

    // Sell
    error InvalidReturnAmount();
    error MaximumSellAmountExceeded();

    error InvestmentDrainsPool();
    error OperationNotSupported();
    error CanOnlyBeFundedByParent();
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.6.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20 {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `from` to `to` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) external returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/introspection/IERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC165 standard, as defined in the
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165[EIP].
 *
 * Implementers can declare support of contract interfaces, which can then be
 * queried by others ({ERC165Checker}).
 *
 * For an implementation, see {ERC165}.
 */
interface IERC165 {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if this contract implements the interface defined by
     * `interfaceId`. See the corresponding
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165#how-interfaces-are-identified[EIP section]
     * to learn more about how these ids are created.
     *
     * This function call must use less than 30 000 gas.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/Context.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;
import "../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Provides information about the current execution context, including the
 * sender of the transaction and its data. While these are generally available
 * via msg.sender and msg.data, they should not be accessed in such a direct
 * manner, since when dealing with meta-transactions the account sending and
 * paying for execution may not be the actual sender (as far as an application
 * is concerned).
 *
 * This contract is only required for intermediate, library-like contracts.
 */
abstract contract ContextUpgradeable is Initializable {
    function __Context_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __Context_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
        return msg.data;
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[50] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (access/AccessControl.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IAccessControlUpgradeable.sol";
import "../utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import "../utils/StringsUpgradeable.sol";
import "../utils/introspection/ERC165Upgradeable.sol";
import "../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module that allows children to implement role-based access
 * control mechanisms. This is a lightweight version that doesn't allow enumerating role
 * members except through off-chain means by accessing the contract event logs. Some
 * applications may benefit from on-chain enumerability, for those cases see
 * {AccessControlEnumerable}.
 *
 * Roles are referred to by their `bytes32` identifier. These should be exposed
 * in the external API and be unique. The best way to achieve this is by
 * using `public constant` hash digests:
 *
 * ```
 * bytes32 public constant MY_ROLE = keccak256("MY_ROLE");
 * ```
 *
 * Roles can be used to represent a set of permissions. To restrict access to a
 * function call, use {hasRole}:
 *
 * ```
 * function foo() public {
 *     require(hasRole(MY_ROLE, msg.sender));
 *     ...
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Roles can be granted and revoked dynamically via the {grantRole} and
 * {revokeRole} functions. Each role has an associated admin role, and only
 * accounts that have a role's admin role can call {grantRole} and {revokeRole}.
 *
 * By default, the admin role for all roles is `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE`, which means
 * that only accounts with this role will be able to grant or revoke other
 * roles. More complex role relationships can be created by using
 * {_setRoleAdmin}.
 *
 * WARNING: The `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is also its own admin: it has permission to
 * grant and revoke this role. Extra precautions should be taken to secure
 * accounts that have been granted it.
 */
abstract contract AccessControlUpgradeable is Initializable, ContextUpgradeable, IAccessControlUpgradeable, ERC165Upgradeable {
    function __AccessControl_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __AccessControl_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    struct RoleData {
        mapping(address => bool) members;
        bytes32 adminRole;
    }

    mapping(bytes32 => RoleData) private _roles;

    bytes32 public constant DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE = 0x00;

    /**
     * @dev Modifier that checks that an account has a specific role. Reverts
     * with a standardized message including the required role.
     *
     * The format of the revert reason is given by the following regular expression:
     *
     *  /^AccessControl: account (0x[0-9a-f]{40}) is missing role (0x[0-9a-f]{64})$/
     *
     * _Available since v4.1._
     */
    modifier onlyRole(bytes32 role) {
        _checkRole(role);
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IAccessControlUpgradeable).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if `account` has been granted `role`.
     */
    function hasRole(bytes32 role, address account) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return _roles[role].members[account];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revert with a standard message if `_msgSender()` is missing `role`.
     * Overriding this function changes the behavior of the {onlyRole} modifier.
     *
     * Format of the revert message is described in {_checkRole}.
     *
     * _Available since v4.6._
     */
    function _checkRole(bytes32 role) internal view virtual {
        _checkRole(role, _msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revert with a standard message if `account` is missing `role`.
     *
     * The format of the revert reason is given by the following regular expression:
     *
     *  /^AccessControl: account (0x[0-9a-f]{40}) is missing role (0x[0-9a-f]{64})$/
     */
    function _checkRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal view virtual {
        if (!hasRole(role, account)) {
            revert(
                string(
                    abi.encodePacked(
                        "AccessControl: account ",
                        StringsUpgradeable.toHexString(account),
                        " is missing role ",
                        StringsUpgradeable.toHexString(uint256(role), 32)
                    )
                )
            );
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the admin role that controls `role`. See {grantRole} and
     * {revokeRole}.
     *
     * To change a role's admin, use {_setRoleAdmin}.
     */
    function getRoleAdmin(bytes32 role) public view virtual override returns (bytes32) {
        return _roles[role].adminRole;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleGranted} event.
     */
    function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual override onlyRole(getRoleAdmin(role)) {
        _grantRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual override onlyRole(getRoleAdmin(role)) {
        _revokeRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from the calling account.
     *
     * Roles are often managed via {grantRole} and {revokeRole}: this function's
     * purpose is to provide a mechanism for accounts to lose their privileges
     * if they are compromised (such as when a trusted device is misplaced).
     *
     * If the calling account had been revoked `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must be `account`.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address account) public virtual override {
        require(account == _msgSender(), "AccessControl: can only renounce roles for self");

        _revokeRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event. Note that unlike {grantRole}, this function doesn't perform any
     * checks on the calling account.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleGranted} event.
     *
     * [WARNING]
     * ====
     * This function should only be called from the constructor when setting
     * up the initial roles for the system.
     *
     * Using this function in any other way is effectively circumventing the admin
     * system imposed by {AccessControl}.
     * ====
     *
     * NOTE: This function is deprecated in favor of {_grantRole}.
     */
    function _setupRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual {
        _grantRole(role, account);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets `adminRole` as ``role``'s admin role.
     *
     * Emits a {RoleAdminChanged} event.
     */
    function _setRoleAdmin(bytes32 role, bytes32 adminRole) internal virtual {
        bytes32 previousAdminRole = getRoleAdmin(role);
        _roles[role].adminRole = adminRole;
        emit RoleAdminChanged(role, previousAdminRole, adminRole);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleGranted} event.
     */
    function _grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual {
        if (!hasRole(role, account)) {
            _roles[role].members[account] = true;
            emit RoleGranted(role, account, _msgSender());
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * Internal function without access restriction.
     *
     * May emit a {RoleRevoked} event.
     */
    function _revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) internal virtual {
        if (hasRole(role, account)) {
            _roles[role].members[account] = false;
            emit RoleRevoked(role, account, _msgSender());
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[49] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20.sol";
import "../extensions/draft-IERC20Permit.sol";
import "../../../utils/Address.sol";

/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure (when the token
 * contract returns false). Tokens that return no value (and instead revert or
 * throw on failure) are also supported, non-reverting calls are assumed to be
 * successful.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for IERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20 {
    using Address for address;

    function safeTransfer(
        IERC20 token,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transfer.selector, to, value));
    }

    function safeTransferFrom(
        IERC20 token,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transferFrom.selector, from, to, value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Deprecated. This function has issues similar to the ones found in
     * {IERC20-approve}, and its usage is discouraged.
     *
     * Whenever possible, use {safeIncreaseAllowance} and
     * {safeDecreaseAllowance} instead.
     */
    function safeApprove(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        // safeApprove should only be called when setting an initial allowance,
        // or when resetting it to zero. To increase and decrease it, use
        // 'safeIncreaseAllowance' and 'safeDecreaseAllowance'
        require(
            (value == 0) || (token.allowance(address(this), spender) == 0),
            "SafeERC20: approve from non-zero to non-zero allowance"
        );
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, value));
    }

    function safeIncreaseAllowance(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        uint256 newAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender) + value;
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
    }

    function safeDecreaseAllowance(
        IERC20 token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        unchecked {
            uint256 oldAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
            require(oldAllowance >= value, "SafeERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
            uint256 newAllowance = oldAllowance - value;
            _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
        }
    }

    function safePermit(
        IERC20Permit token,
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal {
        uint256 nonceBefore = token.nonces(owner);
        token.permit(owner, spender, value, deadline, v, r, s);
        uint256 nonceAfter = token.nonces(owner);
        require(nonceAfter == nonceBefore + 1, "SafeERC20: permit did not succeed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     */
    function _callOptionalReturn(IERC20 token, bytes memory data) private {
        // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
        // we're implementing it ourselves. We use {Address-functionCall} to perform this call, which verifies that
        // the target address contains contract code and also asserts for success in the low-level call.

        bytes memory returndata = address(token).functionCall(data, "SafeERC20: low-level call failed");
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // Return data is optional
            require(abi.decode(returndata, (bool)), "SafeERC20: ERC20 operation did not succeed");
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import "../extensions/draft-IERC20PermitUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../../utils/AddressUpgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @title SafeERC20
 * @dev Wrappers around ERC20 operations that throw on failure (when the token
 * contract returns false). Tokens that return no value (and instead revert or
 * throw on failure) are also supported, non-reverting calls are assumed to be
 * successful.
 * To use this library you can add a `using SafeERC20 for IERC20;` statement to your contract,
 * which allows you to call the safe operations as `token.safeTransfer(...)`, etc.
 */
library SafeERC20Upgradeable {
    using AddressUpgradeable for address;

    function safeTransfer(
        IERC20Upgradeable token,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transfer.selector, to, value));
    }

    function safeTransferFrom(
        IERC20Upgradeable token,
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.transferFrom.selector, from, to, value));
    }

    /**
     * @dev Deprecated. This function has issues similar to the ones found in
     * {IERC20-approve}, and its usage is discouraged.
     *
     * Whenever possible, use {safeIncreaseAllowance} and
     * {safeDecreaseAllowance} instead.
     */
    function safeApprove(
        IERC20Upgradeable token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        // safeApprove should only be called when setting an initial allowance,
        // or when resetting it to zero. To increase and decrease it, use
        // 'safeIncreaseAllowance' and 'safeDecreaseAllowance'
        require(
            (value == 0) || (token.allowance(address(this), spender) == 0),
            "SafeERC20: approve from non-zero to non-zero allowance"
        );
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, value));
    }

    function safeIncreaseAllowance(
        IERC20Upgradeable token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        uint256 newAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender) + value;
        _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
    }

    function safeDecreaseAllowance(
        IERC20Upgradeable token,
        address spender,
        uint256 value
    ) internal {
        unchecked {
            uint256 oldAllowance = token.allowance(address(this), spender);
            require(oldAllowance >= value, "SafeERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
            uint256 newAllowance = oldAllowance - value;
            _callOptionalReturn(token, abi.encodeWithSelector(token.approve.selector, spender, newAllowance));
        }
    }

    function safePermit(
        IERC20PermitUpgradeable token,
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) internal {
        uint256 nonceBefore = token.nonces(owner);
        token.permit(owner, spender, value, deadline, v, r, s);
        uint256 nonceAfter = token.nonces(owner);
        require(nonceAfter == nonceBefore + 1, "SafeERC20: permit did not succeed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Imitates a Solidity high-level call (i.e. a regular function call to a contract), relaxing the requirement
     * on the return value: the return value is optional (but if data is returned, it must not be false).
     * @param token The token targeted by the call.
     * @param data The call data (encoded using abi.encode or one of its variants).
     */
    function _callOptionalReturn(IERC20Upgradeable token, bytes memory data) private {
        // We need to perform a low level call here, to bypass Solidity's return data size checking mechanism, since
        // we're implementing it ourselves. We use {Address-functionCall} to perform this call, which verifies that
        // the target address contains contract code and also asserts for success in the low-level call.

        bytes memory returndata = address(token).functionCall(data, "SafeERC20: low-level call failed");
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // Return data is optional
            require(abi.decode(returndata, (bool)), "SafeERC20: ERC20 operation did not succeed");
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (utils/math/Math.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library Math {
    enum Rounding {
        Down, // Toward negative infinity
        Up, // Toward infinity
        Zero // Toward zero
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
     */
    function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a > b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
     */
    function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
     * zero.
     */
    function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b) / 2 can overflow.
        return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers.
     *
     * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds up instead
     * of rounding down.
     */
    function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b - 1) / b can overflow on addition, so we distribute.
        return a == 0 ? 0 : (a - 1) / b + 1;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or denominator == 0
     * @dev Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv)
     * with further edits by Uniswap Labs also under MIT license.
     */
    function mulDiv(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2^256 and mod 2^256 - 1, then use
            // use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
            // variables such that product = prod1 * 2^256 + prod0.
            uint256 prod0; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
            uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
            assembly {
                let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
                prod0 := mul(x, y)
                prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
            }

            // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
            if (prod1 == 0) {
                return prod0 / denominator;
            }

            // Make sure the result is less than 2^256. Also prevents denominator == 0.
            require(denominator > prod1);

            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // 512 by 256 division.
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////

            // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
            uint256 remainder;
            assembly {
                // Compute remainder using mulmod.
                remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)

                // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
                prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
                prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
            }

            // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator. Always >= 1.
            // See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.

            // Does not overflow because the denominator cannot be zero at this stage in the function.
            uint256 twos = denominator & (~denominator + 1);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by twos.
                denominator := div(denominator, twos)

                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos.
                prod0 := div(prod0, twos)

                // Flip twos such that it is 2^256 / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one.
                twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1)
            }

            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * twos;

            // Invert denominator mod 2^256. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2^256 such
            // that denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^256. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^4.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;

            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also works
            // in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^8
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^16
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^32
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^64
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^128
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^256

            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2^256. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2^256, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function mulDiv(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator,
        Rounding rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = mulDiv(x, y, denominator);
        if (rounding == Rounding.Up && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0) {
            result += 1;
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the square root of a number. If the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded down.
     *
     * Inspired by Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s "Hacker's Delight" (Chapter 11).
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        // For our first guess, we get the biggest power of 2 which is smaller than the square root of the target.
        //
        // We know that the "msb" (most significant bit) of our target number `a` is a power of 2 such that we have
        // `msb(a) <= a < 2*msb(a)`. This value can be written `msb(a)=2**k` with `k=log2(a)`.
        //
        // This can be rewritten `2**log2(a) <= a < 2**(log2(a) + 1)`
        // → `sqrt(2**k) <= sqrt(a) < sqrt(2**(k+1))`
        // → `2**(k/2) <= sqrt(a) < 2**((k+1)/2) <= 2**(k/2 + 1)`
        //
        // Consequently, `2**(log2(a) / 2)` is a good first approximation of `sqrt(a)` with at least 1 correct bit.
        uint256 result = 1 << (log2(a) >> 1);

        // At this point `result` is an estimation with one bit of precision. We know the true value is a uint128,
        // since it is the square root of a uint256. Newton's method converges quadratically (precision doubles at
        // every iteration). We thus need at most 7 iteration to turn our partial result with one bit of precision
        // into the expected uint128 result.
        unchecked {
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            return min(result, a / result);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = sqrt(a);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && result * result < a ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2, rounded down, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >> 128 > 0) {
                value >>= 128;
                result += 128;
            }
            if (value >> 64 > 0) {
                value >>= 64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >> 32 > 0) {
                value >>= 32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >> 16 > 0) {
                value >>= 16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >> 8 > 0) {
                value >>= 8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >> 4 > 0) {
                value >>= 4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >> 2 > 0) {
                value >>= 2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >> 1 > 0) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log2(value);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && 1 << result < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, rounded down, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >= 10**64) {
                value /= 10**64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >= 10**32) {
                value /= 10**32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >= 10**16) {
                value /= 10**16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >= 10**8) {
                value /= 10**8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >= 10**4) {
                value /= 10**4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >= 10**2) {
                value /= 10**2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >= 10**1) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log10(value);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && 10**result < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256, rounded down, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     *
     * Adding one to the result gives the number of pairs of hex symbols needed to represent `value` as a hex string.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >> 128 > 0) {
                value >>= 128;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >> 64 > 0) {
                value >>= 64;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >> 32 > 0) {
                value >>= 32;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >> 16 > 0) {
                value >>= 16;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >> 8 > 0) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log256(value);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && 1 << (result * 8) < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { IERC20Metadata } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";
import { ERC20Upgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/ERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import { SafeERC20 } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/utils/SafeERC20.sol";
import { Math } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";

import { IFundingPoolV1_1, IFundingPoolV1 } from "./IFundingPoolV1_1.sol";
import { FundingMath } from "./FundingMath.sol";
import { ArrayMath, ClampedMath } from "../Math.sol";

/// @dev A contract with the necessary storage to keep track of funding. Should
/// not be used as a standalone contract, but like a mixin
abstract contract FundingPool is IFundingPoolV1_1, ERC20Upgradeable {
    using Math for uint256;
    using ArrayMath for uint256[];
    using SafeERC20 for IERC20Metadata;

    IERC20Metadata public collateralToken;

    /// @inheritdoc IFundingPoolV1
    uint256 public collectedFees;

    /// @dev Keeps track of total collateral used to enter the current liquidity
    /// position of the funder. It is increased by the collateral amount every
    /// time the funder funds, and then reduced proportionally to how many LP
    /// shares are withdrawn during defunding. This can be considered the "cost
    /// basis" of the lp shares of each funder
    mapping(address => uint256) private funderCostBasis;
    /// @dev Total collateral put into funding the current LP shares
    uint256 private totalFunderCostBasis;

    /// @dev By default fees are no longer withdrawable - it's up to
    /// implementation to decide what to do with the fees and how to distribute
    /// them
    function withdrawFees(address /* funder */ ) public pure returns (uint256) {
        return 0;
    }

    /// @dev By default fees are no longer withdrawable - it's up to
    /// implementation to decide what to do with the fees and how to distribute
    /// them
    function feesWithdrawableBy(address /* account */ ) public pure returns (uint256) {
        return 0;
    }

    /// @inheritdoc IFundingPoolV1
    function reserves() public view returns (uint256 collateral) {
        uint256 totalCollateral = collateralToken.balanceOf(address(this));
        uint256 fees = collectedFees;
        assert(totalCollateral >= fees);
        return totalCollateral - fees;
    }

    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function __FundingPool_init(IERC20Metadata _collateralToken) internal onlyInitializing {
        __ERC20_init("", "");

        __FundingPool_init_unchained(_collateralToken);
    }

    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function __FundingPool_init_unchained(IERC20Metadata _collateralToken) internal onlyInitializing {
        if (_collateralToken.decimals() > 18) revert ExcessiveCollateralDecimals();

        collateralToken = _collateralToken;
    }

    /// @dev Burns the LP shares corresponding to a particular owner account
    /// Also note that _beforeTokenTransfer will be invoked to make sure the fee
    /// bookkeeping is updated for the owner.
    /// @param owner Account to whom the LP shares belongs to.
    /// @param sharesToBurn Portion of LP pool to burn.
    function _burnSharesOf(address owner, uint256 sharesToBurn) internal {
        // slither-disable-next-line dangerous-strict-equalities
        if (sharesToBurn == 0) revert InvalidBurnAmount();

        uint256 costBasisReduction =
            FundingMath.calcCostBasisReduction(balanceOf(owner), sharesToBurn, funderCostBasis[owner]);
        funderCostBasis[owner] -= costBasisReduction;
        totalFunderCostBasis -= costBasisReduction;

        _burn(owner, sharesToBurn);
    }

    function _mintSharesFor(address receiver, uint256 collateralAdded, uint256 poolValue)
        internal
        returns (uint256 sharesMinted)
    {
        if (collateralAdded == 0) revert InvalidFundingAmount();

        sharesMinted = FundingMath.calcFunding(collateralAdded, totalSupply(), poolValue);

        // Ensure this stays below type(uint128).max to avoid overflow in liquidity calculations
        uint256 costBasisAfter = funderCostBasis[receiver] + collateralAdded;
        if (costBasisAfter > type(uint128).max) revert ExcessiveFunding();

        funderCostBasis[receiver] = costBasisAfter;
        totalFunderCostBasis += collateralAdded;

        address sender = _msgSender();
        collateralToken.safeTransferFrom(sender, address(this), collateralAdded);

        // Ensure total shares for funding does not exceed type(uint128).max to avoid overflow
        uint256 sharesAfter = balanceOf(receiver) + sharesMinted;
        if (sharesAfter > type(uint128).max) revert ExcessiveFunding();
        _mint(receiver, sharesMinted);

        emit FundingAdded(sender, receiver, collateralAdded, sharesMinted);
    }

    /// @dev adjust cost basis for a funder
    function _adjustCostBasis(address funder, uint256 adjustment) internal {
        funderCostBasis[funder] = funderCostBasis[funder] + adjustment;
        totalFunderCostBasis = totalFunderCostBasis + adjustment;
    }

    /// @dev Sets aside some collateral as fees
    function _retainFees(uint256 collateralFees) internal {
        if (collateralFees > reserves()) revert FeesExceedReserves();
        if (collateralFees == 0) return;
        collectedFees += collateralFees;

        emit FeesRetained(collateralFees);
    }

    /// @dev put fees back into reserves
    function _unlockFees(uint256 collateralFees) internal {
        if (collateralFees > collectedFees) revert FeesExceedCollected();
        collectedFees -= collateralFees;
    }

    /// @dev How much collateral was spent by all funders to obtain their current shares
    function getTotalFunderCostBasis() public view returns (uint256) {
        return totalFunderCostBasis;
    }

    function getFunderCostBasis(address funder) public view returns (uint256) {
        return funderCostBasis[funder];
    }

    // solhint-disable-next-line ordering
    uint256[50] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { IERC165Upgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/introspection/IERC165Upgradeable.sol";
import { ContextUpgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import { ERC165Checker } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/introspection/ERC165Checker.sol";
import { Initializable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

interface ParentFundingPoolErrors {
    /// @dev Occurs when a child pool does not support the necessary interfaces
    error NotAChildPool(address childPool);

    /// @dev Occurs when a child pool is not approved to perform the operation
    error ChildPoolNotApproved(address childPool);

    /// @dev Occurs when batch operations have mismatching array lengths
    error InvalidBatchLength();
}

interface ParentFundingPoolEvents {
    /// @dev A child pool approval was added or removed
    event ChildPoolApproval(address indexed childPool, uint256 approved);

    /// @dev Limit of how much can be requested has changed
    event RequestLimitChanged(uint256 limit);

    /// @dev A child pool has requested some funds, and the parent gives it. The
    /// value locked into the child is exactly equal to the collateralGiven
    event FundingGiven(address indexed childPool, uint256 collateralGiven);

    /// @dev A child pool has returned some funding, unlocking some value
    /// @param childPool the child pool that borrowed the funds
    /// @param collateralReturned quantity of collateral given back to the pool
    /// @param valueUnlocked due to profit/loss, collateral returned may not
    /// equal in value to what was originally given. valueUnlocked corresponds
    /// to the portion of original collateral that is returned
    event FundingReturned(address indexed childPool, uint256 collateralReturned, uint256 valueUnlocked);
}

/// @dev Interface for a FundingPool that allows child FundingPools to request/return funds
interface IParentFundingPoolV1 is IERC165Upgradeable, ParentFundingPoolEvents, ParentFundingPoolErrors {
    /// @dev childPool should support IFundingPoolV1 interface
    function setApprovalForChild(address childPool, uint256 approval) external;

    /// @dev Called by an approved child pool, to request collateral
    /// NOTE: assumes msg.sender supports IFundingPool that is approved
    /// @param collateralRequested how much collateral is requested by the childPool
    /// @return collateralAdded Actual amount given (which may be lower than collateralRequested)
    /// @return sharesMinted How many child shares were given due to the funding
    function requestFunding(uint256 collateralRequested)
        external
        returns (uint256 collateralAdded, uint256 sharesMinted);

    /// @dev Notify parent after voluntarily returning back some collateral, and burning corresponding shares
    /// @param collateralReturned how much collateral funding was transferred from child to parent
    /// @param sharesBurnt how many child shares were burnt as a result
    function fundingReturned(uint256 collateralReturned, uint256 sharesBurnt) external;

    /// @dev Notify parent after voluntarily returning back some fees
    /// @param fees how much fees (in collateral) was transferred from child to parent
    function feesReturned(uint256 fees) external;

    /// @dev What is the maximum amount of collateral a child can request from the parent
    function getApprovalForChild(address childPool) external view returns (uint256 approval);

    /// @dev See how much funding is available for a particular child pool.
    /// Takes into account how much has already been consumed from the approval,
    /// and how much collateral is available in the pool.
    /// @param childPool address of the childPool
    /// @return availableFunding how much collateral can be requested, that takes into account any gains or losses
    /// @return targetFunding The target funding amount that can be requested, without gains or losses
    function getAvailableFunding(address childPool)
        external
        view
        returns (uint256 availableFunding, uint256 targetFunding);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

// Note on libraries. If any functions are not `internal`, then contracts that
// use the libraries, must be linked.

library ArrayMath {
    function sum(uint256[] memory values) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
            result += values[i];
        }
        return result;
    }
}

/// @dev Math with saturation/clamping for overflow/underflow handling
library ClampedMath {
    /// @dev min(upper, max(lower, x))
    function clampBetween(uint256 x, uint256 lower, uint256 upper) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            return x < lower ? lower : (x > upper ? upper : x);
        }
    }

    /// @dev max(0, a - b)
    function subClamp(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            return a > b ? a - b : 0;
        }
    }

    /// @dev min(type(uint256).max, max(0, a + b))
    function addClamp(uint256 a, int256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            if (b < 0) {
                // The absolute value of type(int256).min is not representable
                // in int256, so have to dance about with the + 1
                uint256 positiveB = uint256(-(b + 1)) + 1;
                return (a > positiveB) ? (a - positiveB) : 0;
            } else {
                return type(uint256).max - a > uint256(b) ? a + uint256(b) : type(uint256).max;
            }
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { AccessControlUpgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/access/AccessControlUpgradeable.sol";
import { PausableUpgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/security/PausableUpgradeable.sol";

/// @dev Simple Access Control, that has an admin role that administers an
/// executor role. The intent is to have a multi-sig or other mechanism to be
/// the admin, and be able to grant/revoke accounts as executors.
abstract contract AdminExecutorAccessUpgradeable is AccessControlUpgradeable, PausableUpgradeable {
    bytes32 public constant EXECUTOR_ROLE = keccak256("EXECUTOR_ROLE");

    modifier onlyAdmin() {
        checkAdmin(_msgSender());
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyExecutor() {
        checkExecutor(_msgSender());
        _;
    }

    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function __AdminExecutor_init(address admin, address startingExecutor) internal onlyInitializing {
        __AccessControl_init();
        __Pausable_init();

        __AdminExecutor_init_unchained(admin, startingExecutor);
    }

    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function __AdminExecutor_init_unchained(address admin, address startingExecutor) internal onlyInitializing {
        _grantRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, admin);
        // DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE already is admin for executor by default, so no need for _setRoleAdmin

        if (startingExecutor != address(0x0)) {
            _grantRole(EXECUTOR_ROLE, startingExecutor);
        }
    }

    function pause() public onlyAdmin {
        _pause();
    }

    function unpause() public onlyAdmin {
        _unpause();
    }

    /// @dev Check is a particular account has executor permissions. Reverts if not the case.
    /// @param account the account to check
    function checkExecutor(address account) public view {
        _checkRole(EXECUTOR_ROLE, account);
    }

    function checkAdmin(address account) public view {
        _checkRole(DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE, account);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { IERC165Upgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/utils/introspection/IERC165Upgradeable.sol";

interface ChildFundingPoolErrors {
    error NotAParentPool(address parentPool);
}

interface ChildFundingPoolEvents {
    event ParentPoolAdded(address indexed parentPool);
}

/// @dev Interface for a funding pool that can be added as a child to a Parent Funding pool
interface IChildFundingPoolV1 is IERC165Upgradeable, ChildFundingPoolEvents, ChildFundingPoolErrors {
    function getParentPool() external view returns (address);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.1) (proxy/utils/Initializable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.2;

import "../../utils/AddressUpgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @dev This is a base contract to aid in writing upgradeable contracts, or any kind of contract that will be deployed
 * behind a proxy. Since proxied contracts do not make use of a constructor, it's common to move constructor logic to an
 * external initializer function, usually called `initialize`. It then becomes necessary to protect this initializer
 * function so it can only be called once. The {initializer} modifier provided by this contract will have this effect.
 *
 * The initialization functions use a version number. Once a version number is used, it is consumed and cannot be
 * reused. This mechanism prevents re-execution of each "step" but allows the creation of new initialization steps in
 * case an upgrade adds a module that needs to be initialized.
 *
 * For example:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```
 * contract MyToken is ERC20Upgradeable {
 *     function initialize() initializer public {
 *         __ERC20_init("MyToken", "MTK");
 *     }
 * }
 * contract MyTokenV2 is MyToken, ERC20PermitUpgradeable {
 *     function initializeV2() reinitializer(2) public {
 *         __ERC20Permit_init("MyToken");
 *     }
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * TIP: To avoid leaving the proxy in an uninitialized state, the initializer function should be called as early as
 * possible by providing the encoded function call as the `_data` argument to {ERC1967Proxy-constructor}.
 *
 * CAUTION: When used with inheritance, manual care must be taken to not invoke a parent initializer twice, or to ensure
 * that all initializers are idempotent. This is not verified automatically as constructors are by Solidity.
 *
 * [CAUTION]
 * ====
 * Avoid leaving a contract uninitialized.
 *
 * An uninitialized contract can be taken over by an attacker. This applies to both a proxy and its implementation
 * contract, which may impact the proxy. To prevent the implementation contract from being used, you should invoke
 * the {_disableInitializers} function in the constructor to automatically lock it when it is deployed:
 *
 * [.hljs-theme-light.nopadding]
 * ```
 * /// @custom:oz-upgrades-unsafe-allow constructor
 * constructor() {
 *     _disableInitializers();
 * }
 * ```
 * ====
 */
abstract contract Initializable {
    /**
     * @dev Indicates that the contract has been initialized.
     * @custom:oz-retyped-from bool
     */
    uint8 private _initialized;

    /**
     * @dev Indicates that the contract is in the process of being initialized.
     */
    bool private _initializing;

    /**
     * @dev Triggered when the contract has been initialized or reinitialized.
     */
    event Initialized(uint8 version);

    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected initializer function that can be invoked at most once. In its scope,
     * `onlyInitializing` functions can be used to initialize parent contracts.
     *
     * Similar to `reinitializer(1)`, except that functions marked with `initializer` can be nested in the context of a
     * constructor.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event.
     */
    modifier initializer() {
        bool isTopLevelCall = !_initializing;
        require(
            (isTopLevelCall && _initialized < 1) || (!AddressUpgradeable.isContract(address(this)) && _initialized == 1),
            "Initializable: contract is already initialized"
        );
        _initialized = 1;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            _initializing = true;
        }
        _;
        if (isTopLevelCall) {
            _initializing = false;
            emit Initialized(1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev A modifier that defines a protected reinitializer function that can be invoked at most once, and only if the
     * contract hasn't been initialized to a greater version before. In its scope, `onlyInitializing` functions can be
     * used to initialize parent contracts.
     *
     * A reinitializer may be used after the original initialization step. This is essential to configure modules that
     * are added through upgrades and that require initialization.
     *
     * When `version` is 1, this modifier is similar to `initializer`, except that functions marked with `reinitializer`
     * cannot be nested. If one is invoked in the context of another, execution will revert.
     *
     * Note that versions can jump in increments greater than 1; this implies that if multiple reinitializers coexist in
     * a contract, executing them in the right order is up to the developer or operator.
     *
     * WARNING: setting the version to 255 will prevent any future reinitialization.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event.
     */
    modifier reinitializer(uint8 version) {
        require(!_initializing && _initialized < version, "Initializable: contract is already initialized");
        _initialized = version;
        _initializing = true;
        _;
        _initializing = false;
        emit Initialized(version);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to protect an initialization function so that it can only be invoked by functions with the
     * {initializer} and {reinitializer} modifiers, directly or indirectly.
     */
    modifier onlyInitializing() {
        require(_initializing, "Initializable: contract is not initializing");
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Locks the contract, preventing any future reinitialization. This cannot be part of an initializer call.
     * Calling this in the constructor of a contract will prevent that contract from being initialized or reinitialized
     * to any version. It is recommended to use this to lock implementation contracts that are designed to be called
     * through proxies.
     *
     * Emits an {Initialized} event the first time it is successfully executed.
     */
    function _disableInitializers() internal virtual {
        require(!_initializing, "Initializable: contract is initializing");
        if (_initialized < type(uint8).max) {
            _initialized = type(uint8).max;
            emit Initialized(type(uint8).max);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the highest version that has been initialized. See {reinitializer}.
     */
    function _getInitializedVersion() internal view returns (uint8) {
        return _initialized;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if the contract is currently initializing. See {onlyInitializing}.
     */
    function _isInitializing() internal view returns (bool) {
        return _initializing;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { IERC20 } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";
import { IERC1155Upgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC1155/IERC1155Upgradeable.sol";

import { ConditionID, QuestionID } from "./CTHelpers.sol";
import { ConditionalTokensErrors } from "./ConditionalTokensErrors.sol";

/// @title Events emitted by conditional tokens
/// @dev Minimal interface to be used for blockchain indexing (e.g subgraph)
interface IConditionalTokensEvents {
    /// @dev Emitted upon the successful preparation of a condition.
    /// @param conditionId The condition's ID. This ID may be derived from the
    /// other three parameters via ``keccak256(abi.encodePacked(oracle,
    /// questionId, outcomeSlotCount))``.
    /// @param oracle The account assigned to report the result for the prepared condition.
    /// @param questionId An identifier for the question to be answered by the oracle.
    /// @param outcomeSlotCount The number of outcome slots which should be used
    /// for this condition. Must not exceed 256.
    event ConditionPreparation(
        ConditionID indexed conditionId, address indexed oracle, QuestionID indexed questionId, uint256 outcomeSlotCount
    );

    event ConditionResolution(
        ConditionID indexed conditionId,
        address indexed oracle,
        QuestionID indexed questionId,
        uint256 outcomeSlotCount,
        uint256[] payoutNumerators
    );

    /// @dev Emitted when a position is successfully split.
    event PositionSplit(
        address indexed stakeholder, IERC20 collateralToken, ConditionID indexed conditionId, uint256 amount
    );
    /// @dev Emitted when positions are successfully merged.
    event PositionsMerge(
        address indexed stakeholder, IERC20 collateralToken, ConditionID indexed conditionId, uint256 amount
    );
    /// @notice Emitted when a subset of outcomes are redeemed for a condition
    event PayoutRedemption(
        address indexed redeemer,
        IERC20 indexed collateralToken,
        ConditionID conditionId,
        uint256[] indices,
        uint256 payout
    );
}

interface IConditionalTokens is IERC1155Upgradeable, IConditionalTokensEvents, ConditionalTokensErrors {
    function prepareCondition(address oracle, QuestionID questionId, uint256 outcomeSlotCount)
        external
        returns (ConditionID);

    function reportPayouts(QuestionID questionId, uint256[] calldata payouts) external;

    function batchReportPayouts(
        QuestionID[] calldata questionIDs,
        uint256[] calldata payouts,
        uint256[] calldata outcomeSlotCounts
    ) external;

    function splitPosition(IERC20 collateralToken, ConditionID conditionId, uint256 amount) external;

    function mergePositions(IERC20 collateralToken, ConditionID conditionId, uint256 amount) external;

    function redeemPositionsFor(
        address receiver,
        IERC20 collateralToken,
        ConditionID conditionId,
        uint256[] calldata indices,
        uint256[] calldata quantities
    ) external returns (uint256);

    function redeemAll(IERC20 collateralToken, ConditionID[] calldata conditionIds, uint256[] calldata indices)
        external;

    function redeemAllOf(
        address ownerAndReceiver,
        IERC20 collateralToken,
        ConditionID[] calldata conditionIds,
        uint256[] calldata indices
    ) external returns (uint256 totalPayout);

    function balanceOfCondition(address account, IERC20 collateralToken, ConditionID conditionId)
        external
        view
        returns (uint256[] memory);

    function isResolved(ConditionID conditionId) external view returns (bool);

    function getPositionIds(IERC20 collateralToken, ConditionID conditionId) external view returns (uint256[] memory);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { Math } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";

/// @dev Functions to deal with 16bit prices packed into `bytes`.
/// In prediction markets, prices are within the range [0-1]. As such, arbitrary
/// magnitude and precision are not necessary. By restricting prices to be fixed
/// point integers between 0 and 1e4, we get:
///  - Prices fit in 16 bits
///  - Can be easily renormalized to 1e18 via a multiplier
///
/// The 16bit prices are packed back to back and encoded in big-endian format.
///
/// Some notes:
///
/// Packing/unpacking is done manually and not via solidity's uint16[].
/// uint16[] arrays are still encoded with all the padding. Additionally,
/// working directly with uint16 data types is less efficient than uint256, due
/// to bit shifting and masking that is implicitly done
library PackedPrices {
    using Math for uint256;

    /// @dev a divisor that fits in 16 bits, and easily divides into 1e18
    uint256 internal constant DIVISOR = 1e4;
    /// @dev We store packed prices in 16 bits with a divisor of 1e4. AMM math
    /// relies on prices having divisor of 1e18. We can go directly from one to
    /// the other by multiplying by 1e14.
    uint256 internal constant DECIMAL_CONVERSION_FACTOR = 1e14;
    /// @dev How many bits to shift to convert between big-endian uint16 and uint256
    uint256 internal constant SHIFT_BITS = 30 * 8;

    /// @dev Given a packed price byte array, unpack into a decimal price array with 1e18 divisor
    /// @param packedPrices packed byte array
    /// @return priceDecimals unpacked price array of prices normalized to 1e18
    function toPriceDecimals(bytes memory packedPrices) internal pure returns (uint256[] memory priceDecimals) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 length = packedPrices.length / 2;
            priceDecimals = new uint256[](length);

            for (uint256 i; i < length; i++) {
                uint256 chunk;
                uint256 offset = 32 + i * 2;
                assembly {
                    chunk := mload(add(packedPrices, offset))
                }

                priceDecimals[i] = (chunk >> SHIFT_BITS) * DECIMAL_CONVERSION_FACTOR;
            }
        }
    }

    /// @dev Given a packed price byte array in storage, unpack into a decimal price array with 1e18 divisor
    /// @param packedPrices packed byte array storage pointer
    /// @return priceDecimals unpacked price array of prices normalized to 1e18
    function toPriceDecimalsFromStorage(bytes storage packedPrices) internal pure returns (uint256[] memory) {
        // Much easier to copy the byte array into memory first, and then
        // perform the conversion from memory array, than doing it directly from
        // storage.
        // This is because the storage load instruction `SLOAD` costs 200 gas,
        // while the memory load instruction `MLOAD` costs only 3. The
        // drastically simpler code that loads each integer one at a time would
        // be extremely costly with SLOAD, and would require a different
        // algorithm that amounts to copying into memory first to minimize SLOAD
        // instructions.
        return toPriceDecimals(packedPrices);
    }

    /// @dev Given an array of integers, packs them into a byte array of 16bit values.
    /// Integers are taken as-is, with no re-normalization.
    /// @param prices array of integers less than or equal to type(uint16).max . Otherwise truncation will occur
    /// @param divisor what to divide prices by before packing
    /// @return packedPrices packed byte array
    function toPackedPrices(uint256[] memory prices, uint256 divisor)
        internal
        pure
        returns (bytes memory packedPrices)
    {
        unchecked {
            uint256 length = prices.length;

            // set the size of bytes array
            packedPrices = new bytes(length * 2);

            for (uint256 i; i < length; i++) {
                uint256 adjustedPrice = prices[i] / divisor;
                assert(adjustedPrice <= type(uint16).max);
                uint256 chunk = adjustedPrice << SHIFT_BITS;
                uint256 offset = 32 + i * 2;

                assembly {
                    mstore(add(packedPrices, offset), chunk)
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /// @dev Sums the values in the packed price byte array
    /// @param packedPrices the byte array that encodes the packed prices
    /// @return result the sum of the decoded prices
    function sum(bytes memory packedPrices) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 length = packedPrices.length / 2;

            for (uint256 i; i < length; i++) {
                uint256 chunk;
                uint256 offset = 32 + i * 2;
                assembly {
                    chunk := mload(add(packedPrices, offset))
                }

                result += chunk >> SHIFT_BITS;
            }
        }
    }

    function arrayLength(bytes memory packedPrices) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return packedPrices.length / 2;
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { IERC20 } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/IERC20.sol";

type QuestionID is bytes32;

type ConditionID is bytes32;

type CollectionID is bytes32;

library CTHelpers {
    /// @dev Constructs a condition ID from an oracle, a question ID, and the
    /// outcome slot count for the question.
    /// @param oracle The account assigned to report the result for the prepared condition.
    /// @param questionId An identifier for the question to be answered by the oracle.
    /// @param outcomeSlotCount The number of outcome slots which should be used
    /// for this condition. Must not exceed 256.
    function getConditionId(address oracle, QuestionID questionId, uint256 outcomeSlotCount)
        internal
        pure
        returns (ConditionID)
    {
        assert(outcomeSlotCount < 257); // `<` uses less gas than `<=`
        return ConditionID.wrap(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(oracle, questionId, outcomeSlotCount)));
    }

    /// @dev Constructs an outcome collection ID
    /// @param conditionId Condition ID of the outcome collection
    /// @param index outcome index
    function getCollectionId(ConditionID conditionId, uint256 index) internal pure returns (CollectionID) {
        return CollectionID.wrap(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(conditionId, index)));
    }

    /// @dev Constructs a position ID from a collateral token and an outcome
    /// collection. These IDs are used as the ERC-1155 ID for this contract.
    /// @param collateralToken Collateral token which backs the position.
    /// @param collectionId ID of the outcome collection associated with this position.
    function getPositionId(IERC20 collateralToken, CollectionID collectionId) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return uint256(keccak256(abi.encodePacked(collateralToken, collectionId)));
    }

    /// @dev Constructs all position ID in a condition, for a collateral token.
    /// These IDs are used as the ERC-1155 ID for the ConditionalTokens contract.
    /// @param collateralToken Collateral token which backs the position.
    /// @param conditionId ID of the condition associated with all positions
    /// @param outcomeSlotCount number of outcomes in the condition
    function getPositionIds(IERC20 collateralToken, ConditionID conditionId, uint256 outcomeSlotCount)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256[] memory positionIds)
    {
        positionIds = new uint256[](outcomeSlotCount);
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < outcomeSlotCount; i++) {
            positionIds[i] = getPositionId(collateralToken, getCollectionId(conditionId, i));
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { MarketErrors } from "./MarketErrors.sol";
import { IFundingPoolV1 } from "../funding/IFundingPoolV1.sol";
import { IUpdateFairPrices } from "./IUpdateFairPrices.sol";

/// @dev Interface evolution is done by creating new versions of the interfaces
/// and making sure that the derived MarketMaker supports all of them.
/// Alternatively we could have gone with breaking the interface down into each
/// function one by one and checking each function selector. This would
/// introduce a lot more code in `supportsInterface` which is called often, so
/// it's easier to keep track of incremental evolution than all the constituent
/// pieces
interface IMarketMakerV1 is IFundingPoolV1, IUpdateFairPrices, MarketErrors {
    event MarketBuy(
        address indexed buyer,
        uint256 investmentAmount,
        uint256 feeAmount,
        uint256 indexed outcomeIndex,
        uint256 outcomeTokensBought
    );
    event MarketSell(
        address indexed seller,
        uint256 returnAmount,
        uint256 feeAmount,
        uint256 indexed outcomeIndex,
        uint256 outcomeTokensSold
    );

    event MarketSpontaneousPrices(uint256[] spontaneousPrices);

    function removeFunding(uint256 sharesToBurn) external returns (uint256 collateral, uint256[] memory sendAmounts);

    function buyFor(address receiver, uint256 investmentAmount, uint256 outcomeIndex, uint256 minOutcomeTokensToBuy)
        external
        returns (uint256 outcomeTokensBought, uint256 feeAmount, uint256[] memory spontaneousPrices);

    function buy(uint256 investmentAmount, uint256 outcomeIndex, uint256 minOutcomeTokensToBuy)
        external
        returns (uint256 outcomeTokensBought, uint256 feeAmount, uint256[] memory spontaneousPrices);

    function sell(uint256 returnAmount, uint256 outcomeIndex, uint256 maxOutcomeTokensToSell)
        external
        returns (uint256 outcomeTokensSold);

    function removeCollateralFundingOf(address ownerAndReceiver, uint256 sharesToBurn)
        external
        returns (uint256[] memory sendAmounts, uint256 collateral);

    function removeAllCollateralFunding(address[] calldata funders)
        external
        returns (uint256 totalSharesBurnt, uint256 totalCollateralRemoved);

    function isHalted() external view returns (bool);

    function calcBuyAmount(uint256 investmentAmount, uint256 outcomeIndex)
        external
        view
        returns (uint256 outcomeTokensBought, uint256 feeAmount, uint256[] memory spontaneousPrices);

    function calcSellAmount(uint256 returnAmount, uint256 outcomeIndex) external view returns (uint256);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { IConditionalTokensV1_2 } from "../conditions/IConditionalTokensV1_2.sol";
import { IERC20Metadata } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol";

struct MarketAddressParams {
    IConditionalTokensV1_2 conditionalTokens;
    IERC20Metadata collateralToken;
    address parentPool;
    address priceOracle;
    address conditionOracle;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

interface AmmErrors {
    error InvalidOutcomeIndex();
    error NoLiquidityAvailable();
    error BalancePriceLengthMismatch();
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

interface FundingErrors {
    error InvalidFundingAmount();
    error InvalidBurnAmount();
    error InvalidReceiverAddress();
    error PoolValueZero();

    /// @dev Fee is is or exceeds 100%
    error InvalidFee();

    /// @dev Trying to retain fees that exceed the current reserves
    error FeesExceedReserves();

    /// @dev Trying to unlock more fees than currently collected
    error FeesExceedCollected();

    /// @dev Funding is so large, that it may lead to overflow errors in future
    /// actions
    error ExcessiveFunding();

    /// @dev Collateral ERC20 decimals exceed 18, leading to potential overflows
    error ExcessiveCollateralDecimals();
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (access/IAccessControl.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev External interface of AccessControl declared to support ERC165 detection.
 */
interface IAccessControlUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `newAdminRole` is set as ``role``'s admin role, replacing `previousAdminRole`
     *
     * `DEFAULT_ADMIN_ROLE` is the starting admin for all roles, despite
     * {RoleAdminChanged} not being emitted signaling this.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    event RoleAdminChanged(bytes32 indexed role, bytes32 indexed previousAdminRole, bytes32 indexed newAdminRole);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` is granted `role`.
     *
     * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call, an admin role
     * bearer except when using {AccessControl-_setupRole}.
     */
    event RoleGranted(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` is revoked `role`.
     *
     * `sender` is the account that originated the contract call:
     *   - if using `revokeRole`, it is the admin role bearer
     *   - if using `renounceRole`, it is the role bearer (i.e. `account`)
     */
    event RoleRevoked(bytes32 indexed role, address indexed account, address indexed sender);

    /**
     * @dev Returns `true` if `account` has been granted `role`.
     */
    function hasRole(bytes32 role, address account) external view returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the admin role that controls `role`. See {grantRole} and
     * {revokeRole}.
     *
     * To change a role's admin, use {AccessControl-_setRoleAdmin}.
     */
    function getRoleAdmin(bytes32 role) external view returns (bytes32);

    /**
     * @dev Grants `role` to `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had not been already granted `role`, emits a {RoleGranted}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     */
    function grantRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from `account`.
     *
     * If `account` had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must have ``role``'s admin role.
     */
    function revokeRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;

    /**
     * @dev Revokes `role` from the calling account.
     *
     * Roles are often managed via {grantRole} and {revokeRole}: this function's
     * purpose is to provide a mechanism for accounts to lose their privileges
     * if they are compromised (such as when a trusted device is misplaced).
     *
     * If the calling account had been granted `role`, emits a {RoleRevoked}
     * event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the caller must be `account`.
     */
    function renounceRole(bytes32 role, address account) external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (utils/Strings.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./math/MathUpgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @dev String operations.
 */
library StringsUpgradeable {
    bytes16 private constant _SYMBOLS = "0123456789abcdef";
    uint8 private constant _ADDRESS_LENGTH = 20;

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` decimal representation.
     */
    function toString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 length = MathUpgradeable.log10(value) + 1;
            string memory buffer = new string(length);
            uint256 ptr;
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                ptr := add(buffer, add(32, length))
            }
            while (true) {
                ptr--;
                /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
                assembly {
                    mstore8(ptr, byte(mod(value, 10), _SYMBOLS))
                }
                value /= 10;
                if (value == 0) break;
            }
            return buffer;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation.
     */
    function toHexString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        unchecked {
            return toHexString(value, MathUpgradeable.log256(value) + 1);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts a `uint256` to its ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation with fixed length.
     */
    function toHexString(uint256 value, uint256 length) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        bytes memory buffer = new bytes(2 * length + 2);
        buffer[0] = "0";
        buffer[1] = "x";
        for (uint256 i = 2 * length + 1; i > 1; --i) {
            buffer[i] = _SYMBOLS[value & 0xf];
            value >>= 4;
        }
        require(value == 0, "Strings: hex length insufficient");
        return string(buffer);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Converts an `address` with fixed length of 20 bytes to its not checksummed ASCII `string` hexadecimal representation.
     */
    function toHexString(address addr) internal pure returns (string memory) {
        return toHexString(uint256(uint160(addr)), _ADDRESS_LENGTH);
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (utils/introspection/ERC165.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IERC165Upgradeable.sol";
import "../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC165} interface.
 *
 * Contracts that want to implement ERC165 should inherit from this contract and override {supportsInterface} to check
 * for the additional interface id that will be supported. For example:
 *
 * ```solidity
 * function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
 *     return interfaceId == type(MyInterface).interfaceId || super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
 * }
 * ```
 *
 * Alternatively, {ERC165Storage} provides an easier to use but more expensive implementation.
 */
abstract contract ERC165Upgradeable is Initializable, IERC165Upgradeable {
    function __ERC165_init() internal onlyInitializing {
    }

    function __ERC165_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
    }
    /**
     * @dev See {IERC165-supportsInterface}.
     */
    function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override returns (bool) {
        return interfaceId == type(IERC165Upgradeable).interfaceId;
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[50] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/draft-IERC20Permit.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 */
interface IERC20Permit {
    /**
     * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens,
     * given ``owner``'s signed approval.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction
     * ordering also apply here.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
     * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner`
     * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments.
     * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}).
     *
     * For more information on the signature format, see the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP
     * section].
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be
     * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}.
     *
     * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This
     * prevents a signature from being used multiple times.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (utils/Address.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.1;

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library Address {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this function returns
     * false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a contract.
     *
     * Among others, `isContract` will return false for the following
     * types of addresses:
     *
     *  - an externally-owned account
     *  - a contract in construction
     *  - an address where a contract will be created
     *  - an address where a contract lived, but was destroyed
     * ====
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * You shouldn't rely on `isContract` to protect against flash loan attacks!
     *
     * Preventing calls from contracts is highly discouraged. It breaks composability, breaks support for smart wallets
     * like Gnosis Safe, and does not provide security since it can be circumvented by calling from a contract
     * constructor.
     * ====
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // This method relies on extcodesize/address.code.length, which returns 0
        // for contracts in construction, since the code is only stored at the end
        // of the constructor execution.

        return account.code.length > 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://diligence.consensys.net/posts/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.11/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");

        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason, it is bubbled up by this
     * function (like regular Solidity function calls).
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, "Address: low-level call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`], but with
     * `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, value, "Address: low-level call with value failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCallWithValue-address-bytes-uint256-}[`functionCallWithValue`], but
     * with `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(address(this).balance >= value, "Address: insufficient balance for call");
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionStaticCall(target, data, "Address: low-level static call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionDelegateCall(target, data, "Address: low-level delegate call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a delegate call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.4._
     */
    function functionDelegateCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.delegatecall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call to smart-contract was successful, and revert (either by bubbling
     * the revert reason or using the provided one) in case of unsuccessful call or if target was not a contract.
     *
     * _Available since v4.8._
     */
    function verifyCallResultFromTarget(
        address target,
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            if (returndata.length == 0) {
                // only check isContract if the call was successful and the return data is empty
                // otherwise we already know that it was a contract
                require(isContract(target), "Address: call to non-contract");
            }
            return returndata;
        } else {
            _revert(returndata, errorMessage);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call was successful, and revert if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason or using the provided one.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function verifyCallResult(
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            return returndata;
        } else {
            _revert(returndata, errorMessage);
        }
    }

    function _revert(bytes memory returndata, string memory errorMessage) private pure {
        // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
            }
        } else {
            revert(errorMessage);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.6.0) (token/ERC20/IERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 standard as defined in the EIP.
 */
interface IERC20Upgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens are moved from one account (`from`) to
     * another (`to`).
     *
     * Note that `value` may be zero.
     */
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the allowance of a `spender` for an `owner` is set by
     * a call to {approve}. `value` is the new allowance.
     */
    event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed spender, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens in existence.
     */
    function totalSupply() external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens owned by `account`.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from the caller's account to `to`.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the remaining number of tokens that `spender` will be
     * allowed to spend on behalf of `owner` through {transferFrom}. This is
     * zero by default.
     *
     * This value changes when {approve} or {transferFrom} are called.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the caller's tokens.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: Beware that changing an allowance with this method brings the risk
     * that someone may use both the old and the new allowance by unfortunate
     * transaction ordering. One possible solution to mitigate this race
     * condition is to first reduce the spender's allowance to 0 and set the
     * desired value afterwards:
     * https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/issues/20#issuecomment-263524729
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) external returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` tokens from `from` to `to` using the
     * allowance mechanism. `amount` is then deducted from the caller's
     * allowance.
     *
     * Returns a boolean value indicating whether the operation succeeded.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) external returns (bool);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/draft-IERC20Permit.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Interface of the ERC20 Permit extension allowing approvals to be made via signatures, as defined in
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612[EIP-2612].
 *
 * Adds the {permit} method, which can be used to change an account's ERC20 allowance (see {IERC20-allowance}) by
 * presenting a message signed by the account. By not relying on {IERC20-approve}, the token holder account doesn't
 * need to send a transaction, and thus is not required to hold Ether at all.
 */
interface IERC20PermitUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Sets `value` as the allowance of `spender` over ``owner``'s tokens,
     * given ``owner``'s signed approval.
     *
     * IMPORTANT: The same issues {IERC20-approve} has related to transaction
     * ordering also apply here.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `deadline` must be a timestamp in the future.
     * - `v`, `r` and `s` must be a valid `secp256k1` signature from `owner`
     * over the EIP712-formatted function arguments.
     * - the signature must use ``owner``'s current nonce (see {nonces}).
     *
     * For more information on the signature format, see the
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2612#specification[relevant EIP
     * section].
     */
    function permit(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 value,
        uint256 deadline,
        uint8 v,
        bytes32 r,
        bytes32 s
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns the current nonce for `owner`. This value must be
     * included whenever a signature is generated for {permit}.
     *
     * Every successful call to {permit} increases ``owner``'s nonce by one. This
     * prevents a signature from being used multiple times.
     */
    function nonces(address owner) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the domain separator used in the encoding of the signature for {permit}, as defined by {EIP712}.
     */
    // solhint-disable-next-line func-name-mixedcase
    function DOMAIN_SEPARATOR() external view returns (bytes32);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (utils/Address.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.1;

/**
 * @dev Collection of functions related to the address type
 */
library AddressUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `account` is a contract.
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * It is unsafe to assume that an address for which this function returns
     * false is an externally-owned account (EOA) and not a contract.
     *
     * Among others, `isContract` will return false for the following
     * types of addresses:
     *
     *  - an externally-owned account
     *  - a contract in construction
     *  - an address where a contract will be created
     *  - an address where a contract lived, but was destroyed
     * ====
     *
     * [IMPORTANT]
     * ====
     * You shouldn't rely on `isContract` to protect against flash loan attacks!
     *
     * Preventing calls from contracts is highly discouraged. It breaks composability, breaks support for smart wallets
     * like Gnosis Safe, and does not provide security since it can be circumvented by calling from a contract
     * constructor.
     * ====
     */
    function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
        // This method relies on extcodesize/address.code.length, which returns 0
        // for contracts in construction, since the code is only stored at the end
        // of the constructor execution.

        return account.code.length > 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Replacement for Solidity's `transfer`: sends `amount` wei to
     * `recipient`, forwarding all available gas and reverting on errors.
     *
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1884[EIP1884] increases the gas cost
     * of certain opcodes, possibly making contracts go over the 2300 gas limit
     * imposed by `transfer`, making them unable to receive funds via
     * `transfer`. {sendValue} removes this limitation.
     *
     * https://diligence.consensys.net/posts/2019/09/stop-using-soliditys-transfer-now/[Learn more].
     *
     * IMPORTANT: because control is transferred to `recipient`, care must be
     * taken to not create reentrancy vulnerabilities. Consider using
     * {ReentrancyGuard} or the
     * https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/v0.5.11/security-considerations.html#use-the-checks-effects-interactions-pattern[checks-effects-interactions pattern].
     */
    function sendValue(address payable recipient, uint256 amount) internal {
        require(address(this).balance >= amount, "Address: insufficient balance");

        (bool success, ) = recipient.call{value: amount}("");
        require(success, "Address: unable to send value, recipient may have reverted");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Performs a Solidity function call using a low level `call`. A
     * plain `call` is an unsafe replacement for a function call: use this
     * function instead.
     *
     * If `target` reverts with a revert reason, it is bubbled up by this
     * function (like regular Solidity function calls).
     *
     * Returns the raw returned data. To convert to the expected return value,
     * use https://solidity.readthedocs.io/en/latest/units-and-global-variables.html?highlight=abi.decode#abi-encoding-and-decoding-functions[`abi.decode`].
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `target` must be a contract.
     * - calling `target` with `data` must not revert.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, "Address: low-level call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`], but with
     * `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, 0, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but also transferring `value` wei to `target`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - the calling contract must have an ETH balance of at least `value`.
     * - the called Solidity function must be `payable`.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionCallWithValue(target, data, value, "Address: low-level call with value failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCallWithValue-address-bytes-uint256-}[`functionCallWithValue`], but
     * with `errorMessage` as a fallback revert reason when `target` reverts.
     *
     * _Available since v3.1._
     */
    function functionCallWithValue(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        uint256 value,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal returns (bytes memory) {
        require(address(this).balance >= value, "Address: insufficient balance for call");
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.call{value: value}(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(address target, bytes memory data) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        return functionStaticCall(target, data, "Address: low-level static call failed");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Same as {xref-Address-functionCall-address-bytes-string-}[`functionCall`],
     * but performing a static call.
     *
     * _Available since v3.3._
     */
    function functionStaticCall(
        address target,
        bytes memory data,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = target.staticcall(data);
        return verifyCallResultFromTarget(target, success, returndata, errorMessage);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call to smart-contract was successful, and revert (either by bubbling
     * the revert reason or using the provided one) in case of unsuccessful call or if target was not a contract.
     *
     * _Available since v4.8._
     */
    function verifyCallResultFromTarget(
        address target,
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal view returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            if (returndata.length == 0) {
                // only check isContract if the call was successful and the return data is empty
                // otherwise we already know that it was a contract
                require(isContract(target), "Address: call to non-contract");
            }
            return returndata;
        } else {
            _revert(returndata, errorMessage);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Tool to verify that a low level call was successful, and revert if it wasn't, either by bubbling the
     * revert reason or using the provided one.
     *
     * _Available since v4.3._
     */
    function verifyCallResult(
        bool success,
        bytes memory returndata,
        string memory errorMessage
    ) internal pure returns (bytes memory) {
        if (success) {
            return returndata;
        } else {
            _revert(returndata, errorMessage);
        }
    }

    function _revert(bytes memory returndata, string memory errorMessage) private pure {
        // Look for revert reason and bubble it up if present
        if (returndata.length > 0) {
            // The easiest way to bubble the revert reason is using memory via assembly
            /// @solidity memory-safe-assembly
            assembly {
                let returndata_size := mload(returndata)
                revert(add(32, returndata), returndata_size)
            }
        } else {
            revert(errorMessage);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (token/ERC20/ERC20.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IERC20Upgradeable.sol";
import "./extensions/IERC20MetadataUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import "../../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Implementation of the {IERC20} interface.
 *
 * This implementation is agnostic to the way tokens are created. This means
 * that a supply mechanism has to be added in a derived contract using {_mint}.
 * For a generic mechanism see {ERC20PresetMinterPauser}.
 *
 * TIP: For a detailed writeup see our guide
 * https://forum.openzeppelin.com/t/how-to-implement-erc20-supply-mechanisms/226[How
 * to implement supply mechanisms].
 *
 * We have followed general OpenZeppelin Contracts guidelines: functions revert
 * instead returning `false` on failure. This behavior is nonetheless
 * conventional and does not conflict with the expectations of ERC20
 * applications.
 *
 * Additionally, an {Approval} event is emitted on calls to {transferFrom}.
 * This allows applications to reconstruct the allowance for all accounts just
 * by listening to said events. Other implementations of the EIP may not emit
 * these events, as it isn't required by the specification.
 *
 * Finally, the non-standard {decreaseAllowance} and {increaseAllowance}
 * functions have been added to mitigate the well-known issues around setting
 * allowances. See {IERC20-approve}.
 */
contract ERC20Upgradeable is Initializable, ContextUpgradeable, IERC20Upgradeable, IERC20MetadataUpgradeable {
    mapping(address => uint256) private _balances;

    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) private _allowances;

    uint256 private _totalSupply;

    string private _name;
    string private _symbol;

    /**
     * @dev Sets the values for {name} and {symbol}.
     *
     * The default value of {decimals} is 18. To select a different value for
     * {decimals} you should overload it.
     *
     * All two of these values are immutable: they can only be set once during
     * construction.
     */
    function __ERC20_init(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) internal onlyInitializing {
        __ERC20_init_unchained(name_, symbol_);
    }

    function __ERC20_init_unchained(string memory name_, string memory symbol_) internal onlyInitializing {
        _name = name_;
        _symbol = symbol_;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _name;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token, usually a shorter version of the
     * name.
     */
    function symbol() public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
        return _symbol;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of decimals used to get its user representation.
     * For example, if `decimals` equals `2`, a balance of `505` tokens should
     * be displayed to a user as `5.05` (`505 / 10 ** 2`).
     *
     * Tokens usually opt for a value of 18, imitating the relationship between
     * Ether and Wei. This is the value {ERC20} uses, unless this function is
     * overridden;
     *
     * NOTE: This information is only used for _display_ purposes: it in
     * no way affects any of the arithmetic of the contract, including
     * {IERC20-balanceOf} and {IERC20-transfer}.
     */
    function decimals() public view virtual override returns (uint8) {
        return 18;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-totalSupply}.
     */
    function totalSupply() public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _totalSupply;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-balanceOf}.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _balances[account];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-transfer}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - the caller must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     */
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _transfer(owner, to, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-allowance}.
     */
    function allowance(address owner, address spender) public view virtual override returns (uint256) {
        return _allowances[owner][spender];
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * NOTE: If `amount` is the maximum `uint256`, the allowance is not updated on
     * `transferFrom`. This is semantically equivalent to an infinite approval.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function approve(address spender, uint256 amount) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _approve(owner, spender, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev See {IERC20-transferFrom}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance. This is not
     * required by the EIP. See the note at the beginning of {ERC20}.
     *
     * NOTE: Does not update the allowance if the current allowance
     * is the maximum `uint256`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` and `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `from` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     * - the caller must have allowance for ``from``'s tokens of at least
     * `amount`.
     */
    function transferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) public virtual override returns (bool) {
        address spender = _msgSender();
        _spendAllowance(from, spender, amount);
        _transfer(from, to, amount);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Atomically increases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
     *
     * This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for
     * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function increaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 addedValue) public virtual returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        _approve(owner, spender, allowance(owner, spender) + addedValue);
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Atomically decreases the allowance granted to `spender` by the caller.
     *
     * This is an alternative to {approve} that can be used as a mitigation for
     * problems described in {IERC20-approve}.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event indicating the updated allowance.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `spender` must have allowance for the caller of at least
     * `subtractedValue`.
     */
    function decreaseAllowance(address spender, uint256 subtractedValue) public virtual returns (bool) {
        address owner = _msgSender();
        uint256 currentAllowance = allowance(owner, spender);
        require(currentAllowance >= subtractedValue, "ERC20: decreased allowance below zero");
        unchecked {
            _approve(owner, spender, currentAllowance - subtractedValue);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Moves `amount` of tokens from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * This internal function is equivalent to {transfer}, and can be used to
     * e.g. implement automatic token fees, slashing mechanisms, etc.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `from` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `from` must have a balance of at least `amount`.
     */
    function _transfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {
        require(from != address(0), "ERC20: transfer from the zero address");
        require(to != address(0), "ERC20: transfer to the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(from, to, amount);

        uint256 fromBalance = _balances[from];
        require(fromBalance >= amount, "ERC20: transfer amount exceeds balance");
        unchecked {
            _balances[from] = fromBalance - amount;
            // Overflow not possible: the sum of all balances is capped by totalSupply, and the sum is preserved by
            // decrementing then incrementing.
            _balances[to] += amount;
        }

        emit Transfer(from, to, amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(from, to, amount);
    }

    /** @dev Creates `amount` tokens and assigns them to `account`, increasing
     * the total supply.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event with `from` set to the zero address.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `account` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function _mint(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: mint to the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);

        _totalSupply += amount;
        unchecked {
            // Overflow not possible: balance + amount is at most totalSupply + amount, which is checked above.
            _balances[account] += amount;
        }
        emit Transfer(address(0), account, amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(address(0), account, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Destroys `amount` tokens from `account`, reducing the
     * total supply.
     *
     * Emits a {Transfer} event with `to` set to the zero address.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `account` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `account` must have at least `amount` tokens.
     */
    function _burn(address account, uint256 amount) internal virtual {
        require(account != address(0), "ERC20: burn from the zero address");

        _beforeTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);

        uint256 accountBalance = _balances[account];
        require(accountBalance >= amount, "ERC20: burn amount exceeds balance");
        unchecked {
            _balances[account] = accountBalance - amount;
            // Overflow not possible: amount <= accountBalance <= totalSupply.
            _totalSupply -= amount;
        }

        emit Transfer(account, address(0), amount);

        _afterTokenTransfer(account, address(0), amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Sets `amount` as the allowance of `spender` over the `owner` s tokens.
     *
     * This internal function is equivalent to `approve`, and can be used to
     * e.g. set automatic allowances for certain subsystems, etc.
     *
     * Emits an {Approval} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `owner` cannot be the zero address.
     * - `spender` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function _approve(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {
        require(owner != address(0), "ERC20: approve from the zero address");
        require(spender != address(0), "ERC20: approve to the zero address");

        _allowances[owner][spender] = amount;
        emit Approval(owner, spender, amount);
    }

    /**
     * @dev Updates `owner` s allowance for `spender` based on spent `amount`.
     *
     * Does not update the allowance amount in case of infinite allowance.
     * Revert if not enough allowance is available.
     *
     * Might emit an {Approval} event.
     */
    function _spendAllowance(
        address owner,
        address spender,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {
        uint256 currentAllowance = allowance(owner, spender);
        if (currentAllowance != type(uint256).max) {
            require(currentAllowance >= amount, "ERC20: insufficient allowance");
            unchecked {
                _approve(owner, spender, currentAllowance - amount);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called before any transfer of tokens. This includes
     * minting and burning.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - when `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens
     * will be transferred to `to`.
     * - when `from` is zero, `amount` tokens will be minted for `to`.
     * - when `to` is zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens will be burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     *
     * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
     */
    function _beforeTokenTransfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev Hook that is called after any transfer of tokens. This includes
     * minting and burning.
     *
     * Calling conditions:
     *
     * - when `from` and `to` are both non-zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens
     * has been transferred to `to`.
     * - when `from` is zero, `amount` tokens have been minted for `to`.
     * - when `to` is zero, `amount` of ``from``'s tokens have been burned.
     * - `from` and `to` are never both zero.
     *
     * To learn more about hooks, head to xref:ROOT:extending-contracts.adoc#using-hooks[Using Hooks].
     */
    function _afterTokenTransfer(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 amount
    ) internal virtual {}

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[45] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { IFundingPoolV1 } from "./IFundingPoolV1.sol";

/// @dev An extension to IFundingPoolV1 that adds more methods to inspect cost basis,
interface IFundingPoolV1_1 is IFundingPoolV1 {
    /// @dev How much collateral was spent by a funder to obtain their current shares
    function getFunderCostBasis(address funder) external returns (uint256);

    /// @dev How much collateral was spent by all funders to obtain their current shares
    function getTotalFunderCostBasis() external returns (uint256);

    /// @dev Current estimated value in collateral of the entire pool
    function getPoolValue() external returns (uint256);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { Math } from "@openzeppelin/contracts/utils/math/Math.sol";
import { ClampedMath } from "../Math.sol";
import { FundingErrors } from "./FundingErrors.sol";

library FundingMath {
    using ClampedMath for uint256;
    using Math for uint256;

    uint256 internal constant SHARE_PRECISION_DECIMALS = 4;
    uint256 internal constant SHARE_PRECISION_OFFSET = 10 ** SHARE_PRECISION_DECIMALS;

    /// @dev We always try to keep the pools balanced. There are never any
    /// "sendBackAmounts" like in a typical constant product AMM where the
    /// balances need to be maintained to determine the prices. We want to
    /// use all the available collateral for liquidity no matter what the
    /// probabilities of the outcomes are.
    /// @param collateralAdded how much collateral the funder is adding to the pool
    /// @param totalShares the current number of liquidity pool shares in circulation
    /// @param poolValue total sum of value of all tokens
    /// @return sharesMinted how many liquidity pool shares should be minted
    function calcFunding(uint256 collateralAdded, uint256 totalShares, uint256 poolValue)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256 sharesMinted)
    {
        // To prevent inflation attack. See articles and reference implementation:
        // https://mixbytes.io/blog/overview-of-the-inflation-attack
        // https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/erc4626#defending_with_a_virtual_offset
        // https://github.com/boringcrypto/YieldBox/blob/master/contracts/YieldBoxRebase.sol#L24-L29
        poolValue++;
        totalShares += SHARE_PRECISION_OFFSET;
        assert(totalShares > 0);

        // mint LP tokens proportional to how much value the new investment
        // brings to the pool
        sharesMinted = (collateralAdded * totalShares).ceilDiv(poolValue);
    }

    /// @dev Calculate how much of an asset in the liquidity pool to return to a funder.
    /// @param sharesToBurn how many liquidity pool shares a funder wants to burn
    /// @param totalShares the current number of liquidity pool shares in circulation
    /// @param balance number of an asset in the pool
    /// @return sendAmount how many asset tokens to give back to funder
    function calcReturnAmount(uint256 sharesToBurn, uint256 totalShares, uint256 balance)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256 sendAmount)
    {
        if (sharesToBurn > totalShares) revert FundingErrors.InvalidBurnAmount();
        if (sharesToBurn == 0) return sendAmount;

        sendAmount = (balance * sharesToBurn) / totalShares;
    }

    /// @dev Calculate how much of the assets in the liquidity pool to return to a funder.
    /// @param sharesToBurn how many liquidity pool shares a funder wants to burn
    /// @param totalShares the current number of liquidity pool shares in circulation
    /// @param balances number of each asset in the pool
    /// @return sendAmounts how many asset tokens to give back to funder
    function calcReturnAmounts(uint256 sharesToBurn, uint256 totalShares, uint256[] memory balances)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256[] memory sendAmounts)
    {
        if (sharesToBurn > totalShares) revert FundingErrors.InvalidBurnAmount();
        sendAmounts = new uint256[](balances.length);
        if (sharesToBurn == 0) return sendAmounts;

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < balances.length; i++) {
            sendAmounts[i] = (balances[i] * sharesToBurn) / totalShares;
        }
    }

    /// @dev Calculate how much to reduce the cost basis due to shares being burnt
    /// @param funderShares how many liquidity pool shares a funder currently owns
    /// @param sharesToBurn how many liquidity pool shares a funder currently owns
    /// @param funderCostBasis how much collateral was spent acquiring the funder's liquidity pool shares
    /// @return costBasisReduction the amount by which to reduce the costbasis for the funder
    function calcCostBasisReduction(uint256 funderShares, uint256 sharesToBurn, uint256 funderCostBasis)
        internal
        pure
        returns (uint256 costBasisReduction)
    {
        if (sharesToBurn > funderShares) revert FundingErrors.InvalidBurnAmount();

        costBasisReduction = funderShares == 0 ? 0 : (funderCostBasis * sharesToBurn) / funderShares;
    }

    /// @dev Calculate how many shares to burn for an asset, so that how many
    /// parent shares are removed are not a larger proportion of funder's
    /// shares, than the proportion of the asset value among other assets.
    ///
    /// i.e.
    /// ((funderSharesRemovedAsAsset + sharesBurnt) / funderTotalShares)
    ///      <=
    /// (assetValue / totalValue)
    ///
    /// @param funderTotalShares Total parent shares owned and removed by funder
    /// @param sharesToBurn How many funder shares we're trying to burn
    /// @param funderSharesRemovedAsAsset quantity of shares already removed as the asset
    /// @param assetValue current value of the asset
    /// @param totalValue the total value to compare the asset value to. The
    /// ratio of asset value to this total is what sharesBurnt should not exceed
    /// @return sharesBurnt quantity of shares that can be burnt given the above restrictions
    function calcMaxParentSharesToBurnForAsset(
        uint256 funderTotalShares,
        uint256 sharesToBurn,
        uint256 funderSharesRemovedAsAsset,
        uint256 assetValue,
        uint256 totalValue
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 sharesBurnt) {
        uint256 maxShares = ((funderTotalShares * assetValue).ceilDiv(totalValue)).subClamp(funderSharesRemovedAsAsset);

        sharesBurnt = Math.min(sharesToBurn, maxShares);

        if (sharesBurnt > 0) {
            // This is a re-arrangement of the inequality given in the
            // description. It only applies when we are trying to give out some
            // shares. If sharesBurnt is 0, that means we've already exceeded
            // how many shares we can safely burn, so the inequality is
            // violated.
            // The -1 is due to the rounding up in ceilDiv above, used to
            // prevent never being able to burn the last remaining share
            assert(((funderSharesRemovedAsAsset + sharesBurnt - 1) * totalValue) < (assetValue * funderTotalShares));
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (security/Pausable.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../utils/ContextUpgradeable.sol";
import "../proxy/utils/Initializable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Contract module which allows children to implement an emergency stop
 * mechanism that can be triggered by an authorized account.
 *
 * This module is used through inheritance. It will make available the
 * modifiers `whenNotPaused` and `whenPaused`, which can be applied to
 * the functions of your contract. Note that they will not be pausable by
 * simply including this module, only once the modifiers are put in place.
 */
abstract contract PausableUpgradeable is Initializable, ContextUpgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the pause is triggered by `account`.
     */
    event Paused(address account);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the pause is lifted by `account`.
     */
    event Unpaused(address account);

    bool private _paused;

    /**
     * @dev Initializes the contract in unpaused state.
     */
    function __Pausable_init() internal onlyInitializing {
        __Pausable_init_unchained();
    }

    function __Pausable_init_unchained() internal onlyInitializing {
        _paused = false;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is not paused.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must not be paused.
     */
    modifier whenNotPaused() {
        _requireNotPaused();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Modifier to make a function callable only when the contract is paused.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must be paused.
     */
    modifier whenPaused() {
        _requirePaused();
        _;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the contract is paused, and false otherwise.
     */
    function paused() public view virtual returns (bool) {
        return _paused;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if the contract is paused.
     */
    function _requireNotPaused() internal view virtual {
        require(!paused(), "Pausable: paused");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Throws if the contract is not paused.
     */
    function _requirePaused() internal view virtual {
        require(paused(), "Pausable: not paused");
    }

    /**
     * @dev Triggers stopped state.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must not be paused.
     */
    function _pause() internal virtual whenNotPaused {
        _paused = true;
        emit Paused(_msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns to normal state.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - The contract must be paused.
     */
    function _unpause() internal virtual whenPaused {
        _paused = false;
        emit Unpaused(_msgSender());
    }

    /**
     * @dev This empty reserved space is put in place to allow future versions to add new
     * variables without shifting down storage in the inheritance chain.
     * See https://docs.openzeppelin.com/contracts/4.x/upgradeable#storage_gaps
     */
    uint256[49] private __gap;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.7.0) (token/ERC1155/IERC1155.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../../utils/introspection/IERC165Upgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Required interface of an ERC1155 compliant contract, as defined in the
 * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1155[EIP].
 *
 * _Available since v3.1._
 */
interface IERC1155Upgradeable is IERC165Upgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `value` tokens of token type `id` are transferred from `from` to `to` by `operator`.
     */
    event TransferSingle(address indexed operator, address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 id, uint256 value);

    /**
     * @dev Equivalent to multiple {TransferSingle} events, where `operator`, `from` and `to` are the same for all
     * transfers.
     */
    event TransferBatch(
        address indexed operator,
        address indexed from,
        address indexed to,
        uint256[] ids,
        uint256[] values
    );

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when `account` grants or revokes permission to `operator` to transfer their tokens, according to
     * `approved`.
     */
    event ApprovalForAll(address indexed account, address indexed operator, bool approved);

    /**
     * @dev Emitted when the URI for token type `id` changes to `value`, if it is a non-programmatic URI.
     *
     * If an {URI} event was emitted for `id`, the standard
     * https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-1155#metadata-extensions[guarantees] that `value` will equal the value
     * returned by {IERC1155MetadataURI-uri}.
     */
    event URI(string value, uint256 indexed id);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the amount of tokens of token type `id` owned by `account`.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `account` cannot be the zero address.
     */
    function balanceOf(address account, uint256 id) external view returns (uint256);

    /**
     * @dev xref:ROOT:erc1155.adoc#batch-operations[Batched] version of {balanceOf}.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `accounts` and `ids` must have the same length.
     */
    function balanceOfBatch(address[] calldata accounts, uint256[] calldata ids)
        external
        view
        returns (uint256[] memory);

    /**
     * @dev Grants or revokes permission to `operator` to transfer the caller's tokens, according to `approved`,
     *
     * Emits an {ApprovalForAll} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `operator` cannot be the caller.
     */
    function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool approved) external;

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if `operator` is approved to transfer ``account``'s tokens.
     *
     * See {setApprovalForAll}.
     */
    function isApprovedForAll(address account, address operator) external view returns (bool);

    /**
     * @dev Transfers `amount` tokens of token type `id` from `from` to `to`.
     *
     * Emits a {TransferSingle} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `to` cannot be the zero address.
     * - If the caller is not `from`, it must have been approved to spend ``from``'s tokens via {setApprovalForAll}.
     * - `from` must have a balance of tokens of type `id` of at least `amount`.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC1155Receiver-onERC1155Received} and return the
     * acceptance magic value.
     */
    function safeTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256 id,
        uint256 amount,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external;

    /**
     * @dev xref:ROOT:erc1155.adoc#batch-operations[Batched] version of {safeTransferFrom}.
     *
     * Emits a {TransferBatch} event.
     *
     * Requirements:
     *
     * - `ids` and `amounts` must have the same length.
     * - If `to` refers to a smart contract, it must implement {IERC1155Receiver-onERC1155BatchReceived} and return the
     * acceptance magic value.
     */
    function safeBatchTransferFrom(
        address from,
        address to,
        uint256[] calldata ids,
        uint256[] calldata amounts,
        bytes calldata data
    ) external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

interface ConditionalTokensErrors {
    error ConditionAlreadyPrepared();

    error PayoutAlreadyReported();
    error PayoutsAreAllZero();
    error InvalidOutcomeSlotCountsArray();
    error InvalidPayoutArray();

    error ResultNotReceivedYet();
    error InvalidIndex();
    error NoPositionsToRedeem();

    error ConditionNotFound();
    error InvalidAmount();
    error InvalidOutcomeSlotsAmount();
    error InvalidQuantities();
    error InvalidPrices();
    error InvalidConditionOracle(address conditionOracle);
    error MustBeCalledByOracle();
    error InvalidHaltTime();

    /// @dev using unapproved ERC20 token with protocol
    error InvalidERC20();
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import { IERC20Upgradeable } from "@openzeppelin/contracts-upgradeable/token/ERC20/IERC20Upgradeable.sol";

import { FundingErrors } from "./FundingErrors.sol";

interface FundingPoolEvents {
    /// @notice Collateral is added to the liquidity pool
    /// @param sender the account that initiated and supplied the collateral for the funding
    /// @param funder the account that receives the liquidity pool shares
    /// @param collateralAdded the quantity of collateral supplied to the pool
    /// @param sharesMinted the quantity of liquidity pool shares created as sa result of the funding
    event FundingAdded(address indexed sender, address indexed funder, uint256 collateralAdded, uint256 sharesMinted);

    /// @notice Funding is removed as a mix of tokens and collateral
    /// @param funder the owner of liquidity pool shares
    /// @param collateralRemoved the quantity of collateral removed from the pool proportional to funder's shares
    /// @param tokensRemoved the quantity of tokens removed from the pool proportional to funder's shares. Can be empty
    /// @param sharesBurnt the quantity of liquidity pool shares burnt
    event FundingRemoved(
        address indexed funder, uint256 collateralRemoved, uint256[] tokensRemoved, uint256 sharesBurnt
    );

    /// @notice Funding is removed as a specific token, referred to by an id
    /// @param funder the owner of liquidity pool shares
    /// @param tokenId an id that identifies a single asset token in the pool. Up to the pool to decide the meaning of the id
    /// @param tokensRemoved the quantity of a token removed from the pool
    /// @param sharesBurnt the quantity of liquidity pool shares burnt
    event FundingRemovedAsToken(
        address indexed funder, uint256 indexed tokenId, uint256 tokensRemoved, uint256 sharesBurnt
    );

    /// @notice Some portion of collateral was withdrawn for fee purposes
    event FeesWithdrawn(address indexed funder, uint256 collateralRemovedFromFees);

    /// @notice Some portion of collateral was retained for fee purposes
    event FeesRetained(uint256 collateralAddedToFees);
}

/// @dev A funding pool deals with 3 different assets:
/// - collateral with which to make investments (ERC20 tokens of general usage, e.g. USDT, USDC, DAI, etc.)
/// - shares which represent the stake in the fund (ERC20 tokens minted and burned by the funding pool)
/// - tokens that are the actual investments (e.g. ERC1155 conditional tokens)
interface IFundingPoolV1 is IERC20Upgradeable, FundingErrors, FundingPoolEvents {
    /// @notice Funds the market with collateral from the sender
    /// @param collateralAdded Amount of funds from the sender to transfer to the market
    function addFunding(uint256 collateralAdded) external returns (uint256 sharesMinted);

    /// @notice Funds the market on behalf of receiver.
    /// @param receiver Account that receives LP tokens.
    /// @param collateralAdded Amount of funds from the sender to transfer to the market
    function addFundingFor(address receiver, uint256 collateralAdded) external returns (uint256 sharesMinted);

    /// @notice Withdraws the fees from a particular liquidity provider.
    /// @param funder Account address to withdraw its available fees.
    function withdrawFees(address funder) external returns (uint256 collateralRemovedFromFees);

    /// @notice Returns the amount of fee in collateral to be withdrawn by the liquidity providers.
    /// @param account Account address to check for fees available.
    function feesWithdrawableBy(address account) external view returns (uint256 collateralFees);

    /// @notice How much collateral is available that is not set aside for fees
    function reserves() external view returns (uint256 collateral);

    /// @notice Returns the current collected fees on this market.
    function collectedFees() external view returns (uint256 collateralFees);
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

interface UpdateFairPricesEvents {
    event MarketPricesUpdated(uint256[] fairPriceDecimals);
    event MarketMinPriceUpdated(uint128 minPriceDecimal);
}

interface IUpdateFairPrices is UpdateFairPricesEvents {
    function updateFairPrices(uint256[] calldata fairPriceDecimals) external;
    function updateMinPrice(uint128 minPriceDecimal) external;
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.8.0) (utils/math/Math.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/**
 * @dev Standard math utilities missing in the Solidity language.
 */
library MathUpgradeable {
    enum Rounding {
        Down, // Toward negative infinity
        Up, // Toward infinity
        Zero // Toward zero
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the largest of two numbers.
     */
    function max(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a > b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the smallest of two numbers.
     */
    function min(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        return a < b ? a : b;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the average of two numbers. The result is rounded towards
     * zero.
     */
    function average(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b) / 2 can overflow.
        return (a & b) + (a ^ b) / 2;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the ceiling of the division of two numbers.
     *
     * This differs from standard division with `/` in that it rounds up instead
     * of rounding down.
     */
    function ceilDiv(uint256 a, uint256 b) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        // (a + b - 1) / b can overflow on addition, so we distribute.
        return a == 0 ? 0 : (a - 1) / b + 1;
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates floor(x * y / denominator) with full precision. Throws if result overflows a uint256 or denominator == 0
     * @dev Original credit to Remco Bloemen under MIT license (https://xn--2-umb.com/21/muldiv)
     * with further edits by Uniswap Labs also under MIT license.
     */
    function mulDiv(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator
    ) internal pure returns (uint256 result) {
        unchecked {
            // 512-bit multiply [prod1 prod0] = x * y. Compute the product mod 2^256 and mod 2^256 - 1, then use
            // use the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reconstruct the 512 bit result. The result is stored in two 256
            // variables such that product = prod1 * 2^256 + prod0.
            uint256 prod0; // Least significant 256 bits of the product
            uint256 prod1; // Most significant 256 bits of the product
            assembly {
                let mm := mulmod(x, y, not(0))
                prod0 := mul(x, y)
                prod1 := sub(sub(mm, prod0), lt(mm, prod0))
            }

            // Handle non-overflow cases, 256 by 256 division.
            if (prod1 == 0) {
                return prod0 / denominator;
            }

            // Make sure the result is less than 2^256. Also prevents denominator == 0.
            require(denominator > prod1);

            ///////////////////////////////////////////////
            // 512 by 256 division.
            ///////////////////////////////////////////////

            // Make division exact by subtracting the remainder from [prod1 prod0].
            uint256 remainder;
            assembly {
                // Compute remainder using mulmod.
                remainder := mulmod(x, y, denominator)

                // Subtract 256 bit number from 512 bit number.
                prod1 := sub(prod1, gt(remainder, prod0))
                prod0 := sub(prod0, remainder)
            }

            // Factor powers of two out of denominator and compute largest power of two divisor of denominator. Always >= 1.
            // See https://cs.stackexchange.com/q/138556/92363.

            // Does not overflow because the denominator cannot be zero at this stage in the function.
            uint256 twos = denominator & (~denominator + 1);
            assembly {
                // Divide denominator by twos.
                denominator := div(denominator, twos)

                // Divide [prod1 prod0] by twos.
                prod0 := div(prod0, twos)

                // Flip twos such that it is 2^256 / twos. If twos is zero, then it becomes one.
                twos := add(div(sub(0, twos), twos), 1)
            }

            // Shift in bits from prod1 into prod0.
            prod0 |= prod1 * twos;

            // Invert denominator mod 2^256. Now that denominator is an odd number, it has an inverse modulo 2^256 such
            // that denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^256. Compute the inverse by starting with a seed that is correct for
            // four bits. That is, denominator * inv = 1 mod 2^4.
            uint256 inverse = (3 * denominator) ^ 2;

            // Use the Newton-Raphson iteration to improve the precision. Thanks to Hensel's lifting lemma, this also works
            // in modular arithmetic, doubling the correct bits in each step.
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^8
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^16
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^32
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^64
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^128
            inverse *= 2 - denominator * inverse; // inverse mod 2^256

            // Because the division is now exact we can divide by multiplying with the modular inverse of denominator.
            // This will give us the correct result modulo 2^256. Since the preconditions guarantee that the outcome is
            // less than 2^256, this is the final result. We don't need to compute the high bits of the result and prod1
            // is no longer required.
            result = prod0 * inverse;
            return result;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates x * y / denominator with full precision, following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function mulDiv(
        uint256 x,
        uint256 y,
        uint256 denominator,
        Rounding rounding
    ) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = mulDiv(x, y, denominator);
        if (rounding == Rounding.Up && mulmod(x, y, denominator) > 0) {
            result += 1;
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the square root of a number. If the number is not a perfect square, the value is rounded down.
     *
     * Inspired by Henry S. Warren, Jr.'s "Hacker's Delight" (Chapter 11).
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        if (a == 0) {
            return 0;
        }

        // For our first guess, we get the biggest power of 2 which is smaller than the square root of the target.
        //
        // We know that the "msb" (most significant bit) of our target number `a` is a power of 2 such that we have
        // `msb(a) <= a < 2*msb(a)`. This value can be written `msb(a)=2**k` with `k=log2(a)`.
        //
        // This can be rewritten `2**log2(a) <= a < 2**(log2(a) + 1)`
        // → `sqrt(2**k) <= sqrt(a) < sqrt(2**(k+1))`
        // → `2**(k/2) <= sqrt(a) < 2**((k+1)/2) <= 2**(k/2 + 1)`
        //
        // Consequently, `2**(log2(a) / 2)` is a good first approximation of `sqrt(a)` with at least 1 correct bit.
        uint256 result = 1 << (log2(a) >> 1);

        // At this point `result` is an estimation with one bit of precision. We know the true value is a uint128,
        // since it is the square root of a uint256. Newton's method converges quadratically (precision doubles at
        // every iteration). We thus need at most 7 iteration to turn our partial result with one bit of precision
        // into the expected uint128 result.
        unchecked {
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            result = (result + a / result) >> 1;
            return min(result, a / result);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @notice Calculates sqrt(a), following the selected rounding direction.
     */
    function sqrt(uint256 a, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = sqrt(a);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && result * result < a ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2, rounded down, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >> 128 > 0) {
                value >>= 128;
                result += 128;
            }
            if (value >> 64 > 0) {
                value >>= 64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >> 32 > 0) {
                value >>= 32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >> 16 > 0) {
                value >>= 16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >> 8 > 0) {
                value >>= 8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >> 4 > 0) {
                value >>= 4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >> 2 > 0) {
                value >>= 2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >> 1 > 0) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 2, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log2(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log2(value);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && 1 << result < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, rounded down, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >= 10**64) {
                value /= 10**64;
                result += 64;
            }
            if (value >= 10**32) {
                value /= 10**32;
                result += 32;
            }
            if (value >= 10**16) {
                value /= 10**16;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >= 10**8) {
                value /= 10**8;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >= 10**4) {
                value /= 10**4;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >= 10**2) {
                value /= 10**2;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >= 10**1) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log10(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log10(value);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && 10**result < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 256, rounded down, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     *
     * Adding one to the result gives the number of pairs of hex symbols needed to represent `value` as a hex string.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        uint256 result = 0;
        unchecked {
            if (value >> 128 > 0) {
                value >>= 128;
                result += 16;
            }
            if (value >> 64 > 0) {
                value >>= 64;
                result += 8;
            }
            if (value >> 32 > 0) {
                value >>= 32;
                result += 4;
            }
            if (value >> 16 > 0) {
                value >>= 16;
                result += 2;
            }
            if (value >> 8 > 0) {
                result += 1;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the log in base 10, following the selected rounding direction, of a positive value.
     * Returns 0 if given 0.
     */
    function log256(uint256 value, Rounding rounding) internal pure returns (uint256) {
        unchecked {
            uint256 result = log256(value);
            return result + (rounding == Rounding.Up && 1 << (result * 8) < value ? 1 : 0);
        }
    }
}

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts v4.4.1 (token/ERC20/extensions/IERC20Metadata.sol)

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "../IERC20Upgradeable.sol";

/**
 * @dev Interface for the optional metadata functions from the ERC20 standard.
 *
 * _Available since v4.1._
 */
interface IERC20MetadataUpgradeable is IERC20Upgradeable {
    /**
     * @dev Returns the name of the token.
     */
    function name() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the symbol of the token.
     */
    function symbol() external view returns (string memory);

    /**
     * @dev Returns the decimals places of the token.
     */
    function decimals() external view returns (uint8);
}

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